However, she also felt pity later on, and allowed him to join her in heaven for half a year albeit at the expense of having his sister replace him for the duration. This image below is of a relief in the British Museum that shows the Sumerian God Ninurta. [37] The name Yahweh is used in the Bible Tanakh in the first book of Genesis 2:4; and Genesis 4:26 says that at that time, people began to "call upon the name of the LORD". There are three different ways you can cite this article. However, Cross (1973, p.17) translated the text as follows: The Eternal One ('Olam) has made a covenant oath with us, The equivalent of A.D-li ra-b-umin Sumerian isdEn-ll()kur-gal(kur-gal= great mountain). He asked the women to tell him when the bird was fully cooked, and to then address him either as husband or as father, for he would thenceforward behave to them as they called him. Before the Great Flood, Saturn was regarded by all mankind as the supreme god and ruler of the kings. 27, No. Nanna was his Sumerian name while he was known as Sin, Nanna-Sin, Nanna-Suen and other names by . d NIN.URTA / d MA Ninurta , Sumerian god, whose portfolio origi- nally included agriculture and fertility , later war and heroic deeds Personal names including the stem l are found with similar patterns in both Amorite and Sabaic. Under the names Zeus, the storm-god of the Greeks, and Baal, the West Semitic storm-god, he was unmasked by Jesus and identified as Satan. The Babylonians also recognized five of the planets, along with the Sun and Moon. The functions of different gods tended to vary by city states, but of the Great Seven. [12], However, because the word l sometimes refers to a god other than the great god l, it is frequently ambiguous as to whether l followed by another name means the great god l with a particular epithet applied or refers to another god entirely. The offspring of air deities Enlil and Ninlil, Nanna was responsible for bringing light to the dark sky, which was said to be divided into three domes over a flat Earth with each dome made of a precious substance. Her temples were found in Nippur, Mari, and in several other places under different names. In the semitic religion, El, just like his Greek equivalent Kronos, was associated with the planet Saturn. The god of the southern deserts The first mention of the Israelite tribe itself is a victory stele erected around 1210 BCE by the pharaoh Mernetpah (sometimes called "the Israel stele"). In many works of ancient art, one might find images of strange creatures carrying what appears to be a handbag. [43] The slaying of the serpent in myth is a deed attributed to both Ba'al Hadad and 'Anat in the Ugaritic texts, but not to l.[44]. And the great council of all the Holy Ones. One of them is Utu, a sun god and god of justice. [18], In any case, Enlils emergence as the kingmaker of Mesopotamia doesnt extend as far back in Sumerian history as was thought. Robert William Rogers, ed., Cuneiform Parallels to the Old Testament (New York: Eaton & Mains, & Cincinnati: Jennings & Graham, 1912), pp. The gods of the Babylonian pantheon were tied with these 5 planets as follows: Jupiter with Marduk Venus with the goddess Ishtar Saturn with Ninurta (Ninib) Together with An, she created a portion of the vegetation of the planet and also gave birth to Enlil and the other gods collectively known as the Annunaki. Emesh was depicted as a farmer. The ziggurat at Ur, the only one left of such structures remaining from ancient Summer, was a temple dedicated to the Moon. He is btnyu binwti ("Creator of creatures"), 'ab ban 'ili ("father of the gods"), and 'ab 'adami ("father of man"). Dabbling in all kinds of knowledge, art, crafting, magic, and spells, Enki also known as the god Ea later on was involved in almost every brainy aspect of life in ancient Mesopotamia. [46] What is certain is that the form 'El does appear in Israelite names from every period including the name Yir'l ("Israel"), meaning "El strives". [1]Lluis Feliu, Concerning the Etymology of Enlil: The An=Anum Approach.Aula Orientalis-Supplementa22 (2006), p. 229. Presumably these sons have been fathered on Athirat by l; in following passages they seem to be the gods ('ilm) in general or at least a large portion of them. If you are committed to the ancient . [1]As scholars have looked deeper into the nature of the deity, however, a growing number have concluded that Lord Wind or Lord Aether is too simple. All of them were considered creators of the world, described by epithets like father of the gods, ancient one, and so on. For the reference in some texts of Deuteronomy 32:8 to seventy sons of God corresponding to the seventy sons of l in the Ugaritic texts, see `Elyn. There are a few cases in the Tanakh where some think 'El referring to the great god l is not equated with Yahweh. [42] It is Yahweh who is prophesied to one day battle Leviathan the serpent, and slay the dragon in the sea in Isaiah 27:1. The god of heaven or the sky, he was also the patron god of the city of Uruk. Enlil was known as the god of rain, wind, and storm, and it was he who separated heaven from Earth and made way for life as we know it, also becoming the god of earth in the process. Philo of Byblos (c. 64141 AD) was a Greek writer whose account Sanchuniathon survives in quotation by Eusebius and may contain the major surviving traces of Phoenician mythology. An and Ki then proceeded to mate, and birthed Enlil. Later, perhaps referring to this same death of Sadidus we are told: But on the occurrence of a pestilence and mortality Cronus offers his only begotten son as a whole burnt-offering to his father Sky and circumcises himself, compelling his allies also to do the same. [citation needed]. Gulas cult center was Umma, but her popularity stretched to Adab, Nippur, Lagash, Uruk, and Ur. In ancient mythology, the 8-pointed star represents the God of the heaven who was called Anu (Aunu, Aun). [6]Frank Moore Cross,Canaanite Myth and Hebrew Epic: Essays in the History of the Religion of Israel(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1973), p. 41. Not to follow rabbits too far off the main trail here, but that begs the question: Were the Amorites and Hurrians related? This is the position of Frank Moore Cross (1973). He is tikuka ("your patriarch"). The apparent plural form 'lm or 'lim "gods" occurs only four times in the Tanakh. That makes the etymology of Enlils name easier to grasp: Rather than Sumerianen+ll, his name most likely derives from a doubling of the Semitic wordilu(god): il + il, meaning god of gods,[4]or god of all the gods.[5]. Some non-specialists have made videos on the . 268-278. He was called Nanna in Sumerian, and Su'en or Sin in Akkadian. In the episode of the "Palace of Ba'al", the god Ba'al Hadad invites the "seventy sons of Athirat" to a feast in his new palace. 1 (1984), p. 1. His other children, depending on the version of the myth, were Enki, Nikikurga, Nidaba, Baba, and even Inanna and Kumarbi. This gave rise to more than 3,000 Sumerian gods and goddesses. An was said to be both the brother and husband of Ki, the goddess of the Earth, and was at some points considered the de facto father of all creation. At last, with the advice of his daughter Athena and the god Hermes Trismegistus (perhaps Thoth), l successfully attacks his father Sky with a sickle and spear of iron. He then lay with them, and they gave birth to Shachar ("Dawn") and Shalim ("Dusk"). The point of this geography lesson is that it was from this general area, northwest of Sumer and Akkad, that the Amorites migrated into southern Mesopotamia, bringing with them the worship of the god,il-il(Enlil). Saturn is often connected to Ninurta, god of war and hunt. See Baal for a discussion of this passage. While there are a number of "central characters" in the myths and legends of the Anunnaki, much of the action revolves around these two sibling rivals. Uranus was not discovered until the 1800's, but the astronomers in that time period continued the tradition of naming planets after Roman gods. Enlil was subject only to Anu, the sky-god, and he was often portrayed as the only deity who could contact Anu. A rarer form, 'ila, represents the predicate form in Old Akkadian and in Amorite. In fact, legends spoke of how he had Nanna and Utu illuminate the sky after being unhappy about the darkness in his heavenly home. [14] However the documentary hypothesis developed originally in the 1870s,[15] identifies these that different authors the Jahwist, Elohist, Deuteronomist, and the Priestly source were responsible for editing stories from a polytheistic religion into those of a monotheistic religion. When Amorites first encountered the civilizations of Akkad and Sumer in the twenty-fourth century BC, the two most popular deities among the newcomers were the moon-god, Erah (also spelled Yarikh; called Sn in Akkad and Nanna in Sumer) and the god, under the Amorite name El. This is documented by the Amorite personal names logged in official Sumerian and Akkadian records: If we then take a look at the 43 most popular Amorite names (in this case: Amorite names occurring three times or more). Like an aging movie star who gradually finds leading roles harder to come by as younger actors arrive in Hollywood, Enlil was eventually replaced as the king of Mesopotamian deities by the city-god of Babylon, Marduk, a process that was complete by about the twelfth century BC.[23]. In the Tanakh, 'elhm is the normal word for a god or the great God (or gods, given that the 'im' suffix makes a word plural in Hebrew). There were many notable differences between most modern religions and Sumerian religion apart from the aforementioned polytheism. Of the four planes of existence in Sumerian mythos, the Netherworld, otherwise known as Kigal or Irkalla, was by far the most depressing. Inhabited by demons, gods, and the dead, it was ruled by the goddess of death and gloom Ereshkigal. However it can also mean that Yahweh stands in the Divine Council (generally known as the Council of l), as l judging among the other members of the council. One of the other two occurrences in the Tanakh is in the "Song of Moses", Exodus 15:11a: Who is like you among the Gods ('lim), Yahweh? This may explain the best-known epithet of Enlil, Great Mountain. The Akkadian term is A.D-li ra-b-um, literally, the great mountain of the gods.[13]This title is attested from the time of Sargon of Akkad, who reigned in the late twenty-fourth and early twenty-third centuries BC, about three or four hundred years before the time of Abraham. l was sexually aroused and took the two with him, killed a bird by throwing a staff at it, and roasted it over a fire. Likewise, the Sumerian god Anu was represented by the same pointed star inside a solar disk. In the Ugaritic Ba'al cycle, l is introduced dwelling on (or in) Mount Lel (Lel possibly meaning "Night") at the fountains of the two rivers at the spring of the two deeps. He was also the Chief Deity of the City of Hathra. Again l lay with his wives and the wives gave birth to "the gracious gods", "cleavers of the sea", "children of the sea". They include Ugaritic ilu, pl. 3 (July, 1968), p. 172. Additionally, these deities were depicted to either be human in form or, at the very least, anthropomorphic. Sumerians said one year on planet Nibiru, a sar, was equivalent in time to 3600 earth years. These Israelites are described as a people inhabiting Canaan. That phrase with m-enclitic also appears in Phoenician inscriptions as late as the fifth century BCE. El is depicted primarily as a warrior; in Ugaritic sources Baal has the warrior role and El is peaceful, and it may be that the Sanchuniathon depicts an earlier tradition that was more preserved in the southern regions of Canaan. The group consisted of 7 gods: An, Enlil, Enki, Ki/Ninhursag, Nanna, Utu, and Inanna. In later times, Engur was essentially superseded by Enki, the Sumerian god of water, wisdom, water, and crafts whom we will meet later on. [7] The word is derived from the Proto-Semitic *il-, meaning "god".[8]. But to each of the other gods he gave two wings upon the shoulders, as meaning that they accompanied Cronus in his flight. [25], In a Hurrian hymn to l (published in Ugaritica V, text RS 24.278), he is called 'il brt and 'il dn, which Cross (p.39) takes as 'l of the covenant' and 'l the judge' respectively.[26]. Nibiru, to the Babylonians, was the celestial body associated with the god Marduk. And the deity the Hurrians and Amorites considered the father of their gods, Kumarbi/El, was at home in the mountains and connected to an underground abodethe Hurrianabiand the springs of the two deeps under or near Mount Hermon. After the Doomsday cataclysm Minoan tradition gave way to Greek tradition. Its not a stretch to theorize that the cult of the god, Kumarbi/El/Enlil, was carried to Harran by travelers along that route over the centuries. l is the father of Persephone and of Athena (presumably the goddess 'Anat). The History of Guns, Greek Mythology: Stories, Characters, Gods, and Culture, Aztec Mythology: Important Stories and Characters, Greek Gods and Goddesses: Family Tree and Fun Facts, Roman Gods and Goddesses: The Names and Stories of 29 Ancient Roman Gods, Nammu The Goddess of the Primordial Sea, Enki The God of Water, Wisdom, Arts, Crafts, Male Fertility, and Magic, Inanna Goddess of Female Fertility, Love, and War, Ereshkigal The Goddess of the Netherworld, Utu The God of the Sun, Truth, and Justice, Apollo: The Greek God of Music and the Sun, iPhone History: A Timeline of Every Model in Order, US History Timeline: The Dates of Americas Journey, Ancient Civilizations Timeline: 16 Oldest Known Cultures From Around The World, Why Are Hot Dogs Called Hot Dogs? Worshipers of each city would go to the main temple to pay their respects to the main god. l is rather the son of Sky (Uranus) and Earth (Ge). The symbol that denotes her name is the same as the one used to designate Engur, her mate and the personification of the mythical underground freshwater ocean known as Abzu. And all the sons of El, This included the aforementioned air god Enlil, air goddess Ninlil, moon god Nanna, and sun god Utu. Youd think the king of heaven and earth and father of the gods could find a better piece of real estate. 4. [In Minoan mythology, Saturn was known as the Great Goddess and Rhea was known as the Mistress of Animals. He also had relationships with Damkina, and Ninsar and Ninkurra who were his daughters. Their civilization existed between about 4,500 BCE and 1,900 BCE. It seems that the Anunnaki are returning to ou. The Babylonians replaced the Sumerian national gods Enlil and Enki with the patron god of Babylon, Marduk, and his son, Nab though Marduk was actually taken to be the son of Enki (called Ea in Babylonian). Nammu Nammu was the one who gave birth to the first deities An (the god of heaven) and Ki (the earth goddess) and to many more of the ancient gods. Jupiter, Venus, Saturn, Mercury, and Mars were the five planets known, in the order, they appear in ancient Babylonian literature; Mercury and Saturn traded places in later works. Utu was the personification of the brilliance and warmth of the sun unfailing and perpetual. Strangely, Nanna was also considered to be the god of cattle because their horns resembled the crescent moon. The clash in tone between his names is not an outlier. He is qniyunu 'lam ("creator eternal"), the epithet 'lam appearing in Hebrew form in the Hebrew name of God 'l 'lam "God Eternal" in Genesis 21.33. Eanna temple in Uruk: Equatorial sky: An (in Sumerian), later known as Anu (in Akkadian), was the supreme God and "prime mover in creation", embodied by the sky. A trilingual god list from Ugarit, composed during the time of the judges, confirms that the Amorites, Hurrians, Akkadians, and Sumerians all worshiped the god with this handy linguistic equation: Enlil = Kumarbi = El. Annunaki = Egyptian = Greek = Roman = Biblical Equivalents Anu (An) = Sobek = Cronus = Saturn Sumerian king Ur-Nammu standing before the god Enlil The chief god of Mesopotamia before the political rise of Babylon was the deity called the "Great Mountain," Enlil. This could mean that Yahweh judges along with many other gods as one of the council of the high god l. It began as a collection of reed huts in a marsh alongside the Euphrates. Originally, he seems to have been a god of thunderstorms. Its true that correlation does not imply causation, but the arrival in Sumer of that epithet at about the same time as groups of Semitic-speaking Akkadians and Amorites is strong circumstantial evidence. Nippur never dominated the politics of Mesopotamia, but control of the city was always important. The bloodcurdling truth is that Judaism has always been a cult of Saturn from its beginning. The Sumerians built the gigantic ziggurat of Etemenanki to honor their supreme god, Marduk. This star is actually not a star at all, but the largest planet in our solar system, Jupiter. Along with his grandfather Beelzebub, he controlled the airways for the Gods, wearing his symbol of . This recent reconsideration of the nature of Enlil is quite different from the way the god has traditionally been understood by scholars. Ninurta began his divine career as a god of irrigation and agriculture. The Roman version is far more benign. . In addition, the Amorites themselves were considered mountaineers whose homeland was probably around Jebel Bishri, a range of low mountains west of the Euphrates near modern Deir ez-Zor.[16]. Comments are closed, but trackbacks and pingbacks are open. Saturn (Latin: Sturnus [satrns]) was a god in ancient Roman religion, and a character in Roman mythology.He was described as a god of time, generation, dissolution, abundance, wealth, agriculture, periodic renewal and liberation. 04-02-2023, 04:36 AM . Mesopotamian moon god. Cronus, also spelled Cronos or Kronos, in ancient Greek religion, male deity who was worshipped by the pre-Hellenic population of Greece but probably was not widely worshipped by the Greeks themselves; he was later identified with the Roman god Saturn. As a result, her symbol was always a star with either eight or six points, and because Venus disappears from view thanks to its closeness to the sun, Sumerians linked the two appearances of the planet with the dichotomy in Inannas personality. It wasnt just their powers that separated them from humans, though. Source:https://www.podbean.com/eau/pb-eg8e2-12bc395A whistleblower recently came up with a powerful statement. They associated the planets with different gods in their pantheon: Jupiter with Marduk, Venus with Ishtar, Saturn with Ninurta, Mercury with Nabu, Mars with Nergal, the Sun with Shamash and the Moon with Sin. However, he was far from being autonomous, as his actions were almost entirely dictated by Enlil, with Enki being something of an agent of execution. The mysterious Ugaritic text Shachar and Shalim tells how (perhaps near the beginning of all things) l came to shores of the sea and saw two women who bobbed up and down. In some theological systems all of the deities were believed to be the offspring of An and his consort Ki. Her popularity saw a spike in the early days of Babylon, eventually going on to become the foremost of healing deities for the civilization. [20], The name Raphael or Rapha-El, meaning 'God has healed' in Ugarit, is attested to in approximately 1350 BCE in one of the Amarna Letters EA333, found in Tell-el-Hesi from the ruler of Lachish to 'The Great One' [21]. Traditionally bn 'lm has been interpreted as 'sons of the mighty', 'mighty ones', for 'El can mean 'mighty', though such use may be metaphorical (compare the English expression [by] God awful). Also at Delos, that association of Tyrians, though mostly devoted to Heracles-Melqart, elected a member to bear a crown every year when sacrifices to Poseidon took place. Utus chief place of worship was at Sippar, with the temple being called the White House. Nibiru Science 21 Who is SATURN? Four Sumerians, whose names we do have, fall somewhere between myth, legend, and history. In an ancient seal that dates back to the period, Inanna was depicted to have several weapons ready on her back, a horned helmet, wings, and with her foot on a lion whose leash she was holding. El Elyon also corresponds to the Sumerian Anu, as well. It is important to remember that records from that long ago are often unreliable, and that there is plenty of overlap between deities as to what they are gods or goddesses of. But how did a god once associated with growth and healing come to embody war and malevolence? https://www.biblestudytools.com/dictionary/amorites/, retrieved 3/11/21. Abstract. [28] Though Ugarit had a large temple dedicated to Dagon and another to Hadad, there was no temple dedicated to l. Gula was also known to be the goddess of dogs and other animals, and this is immortalized in depictions of her with a dog carved into a boundary stone dating from the period. One of the key points to her story was her love affair with Dumuzi, the god of shepherds, and how she ended up being the cause for his demise. Accessed April 18, 2023. We can see immediately the moon-god Erah and El (God) are the two most popular (and only) theophoric elements in these early Amorite personal names. Heliocentric Solar System: The Sumerians were well aware that our solar system was Heliocentric.Moreover they show 11 celestial bodies or planets.The above picture taken from a Sumerian cylinder seal cleary shows that they not only knew the number of bodies in the solar system, but the relative size as well. The only sons of l named individually in the Ugaritic texts are Yamm ("Sea"), Mot ("Death"), and Ashtar, who may be the chief and leader of most of the sons of l. It was widely believed that a human kings right to rule derived from the favor of Enlil; in fact, kingship, the attribute of royalty that conveyed the divine authority of a king, was literally called enlilship.[19]But until about 2450 BC, Enlil did not bestow that power to kings across all of Sumer. (Father of Heaven / Saturn) and his major son: "Hadad" (Father of Earth / Jupiter), are symbolized both . Unlike Ereshkigal, the healing goddess of Sumer had a much brighter reputation in the region. Followers of the cult in his name worshiped him at the temple of Ekur, a word which translates roughly to mountain house. To this day, the ruins of the temple still stand. Going back to the 8th century BCE, the bilingual inscription[53] at Karatepe in the Taurus Mountains equates l-Creator-of-the-Earth to Luwian hieroglyphs read as da-a-,[54] this being the Luwian form of the name of the Babylonian water god Ea, lord of the abyss of water under the earth. Not an outlier the gigantic ziggurat of Etemenanki to honor their supreme god god. Along with his grandfather Beelzebub, he controlled the airways for the gods could find a better of. That shows the Sumerian god Ninurta warmth of the sun and Moon Nanna Utu... Literally, the Great goddess and Rhea was known as Sin, Nanna-Sin, Nanna-Suen and other by! With Yahweh epithet of Enlil is quite different from the aforementioned polytheism the largest planet in our solar,! Stretched to Adab, Nippur, Lagash, Uruk, and Ur that separated from... 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