3 0 obj 4 0 obj 15 0 obj G`dN4$Cz.7r Taking advantage of civil wars among the descendants of Shr Shah, Humyn captured Lahore in February 1555, and, after defeating Sikandar Sr, the rebel Afghan governor of the Punjab, at Sirhind, he recovered Delhi and Agra that July. endstream endobj Much of its territory fell under the control of the Marathas and then the British. The Mughal Empire grew out of descendants of the Mongol Empire who were living in Turkestan in the 15th century. [107][108] This, however, is disputed by Parthasarathi and Sivramkrishna. [146] By 1700, Mughal India had an urban population of 23 million people, larger than British India's urban population of 22.3 million in 1871. However, the dispensation of justice also depended on other factors, such as administrative rules, local customs, and political convenience. The building is a mausoleum built by Jahan for his wife Mumtaz and it has come to symbolise the love between two people. European merchants gradually expanded their power in India, aided by the decline of the Mughal empire, as explained in Document 4. hVY6|lI3=nu6m5HHIli: &>d`#=$pK&Ea7rp8q A/_D+=UTF 9q.Rmu2Tr9_Zn#b+a:+.g8 k.-p # |/(P.J0q&tii L4X(A:MeXs40W`\g7HadI!KXBgF*&cWyqj1#KPB'} He captured the Turkic Ghur'iat Sultanate of Delhi in 1526, imposing his rule on most of Northern India. 3 0 obj endstream endobj 148 0 obj <> endobj 149 0 obj <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/Type/Page>> endobj 150 0 obj <>stream That is why I say the cotton boll is the most beautiful flower. Please consider upgrading your browser software or enabling style sheets (CSS) if you are able to do so. [93], The Mughal Empire also drew on Persianate notions of kingship. Meanwhile, an Afghan soldier of fortune, Shr Shah of Sr, had consolidated his power in Bihar and Bengal. The sources include one 19th century article from the New York Times and one illustration, and each document is followed by at least one constructed response question and a summary essay . Very challenging. 113. In the royal family it is placed after the name instead of before it, thus, Abbas Mirza and Hosfiein Mirza. [111] Due to the scarcity of data, however, more research is needed before drawing any conclusion. {yC, The diffusion of the spinning wheel, and the incorporation of the worm gear and crank handle into the roller cotton gin led to greatly expanded Indian cotton textile production during the Mughal era. xZm8tR xZmoV)~TS+U2jFl\(6y~l t8.3q^g{_OD;D9y_ EVr2M9keo_3PaP can earn you one point on both the DBQ and LEQ essays. 4 0 obj Document 2 references the Mexica peoples violent devastation at the hands of the Spanish, with a hundred falling at each discharge of guns. While Cortes attributes his victory to Gods favor due to fight- ing for his faith and king, tangible factors gave him the practical advantage: horses (which were not native to the Americas), guns, the Mexicas unfamiliarity with such weapons, and the support of local allies. He routed two advance troop contingents of Ibrhm Lod, Delhis sultan, and met the sultans main army at the First Battle of Panipat. [43] India developed a strong and stable economy, leading to commercial expansion and economic development. The Taj Mahal houses the jewelled tomb of Mumtaz Mahal, much loved wife of emperor Shah Jehan . the last of the great nomadic conquerors of the Eurasian Steppe, and his empire set the stage for the rise of the more structured and lasting Islamic Gunpowder Empires in the 16th and 17th centuries. It was also known for its cultural influence and its architectural achievements (most famously, the Taj Mahal). But in the same time, changing have the ability to be to the worst or for the best. "[30], Contemporaries referred to the empire founded by Babur as the Timurid Empire,[31] which reflected the heritage of his dynasty, and this was the term preferred by the Mughals themselves. Fell through abuse of peasantry, extravagance of . E[k9)rxD+|\fj\Jam> Document 1 Jahangir, Memoirs Jahangir was the Mughal Emperor from 1605 to 1627, taking over from his father, Akbar. |IYdw -Q6aITxd&ku/j{?^e~^yg6.rJynr>*[]=z}ZDc r& From there he conquered the Punjab and subsequently unseated the Delhi sultanate before extending his rule across northern India. Spend the 15-minute reading period analyzing the documents themselves, thinking for each document about its authorship/historical situation, main idea, and why it was written. He replaced the tribute system, previously common in India and used by Tokugawa Japan at the time, with a monetary tax system based on a uniform currency. Countries sending large numbers of settlers was another effective method of empire-building. Mughal emperors (Urdu: , Persian: , romanized: Shhanshhn-e-Hindustan) were the supreme heads of state of the Mughal Empire on the Indian subcontinent, mainly corresponding to the modern countries of India, Pakistan, Afghanistan and Bangladesh.The Mughal rulers styled themselves as Badshah (great king) or Shahanshah, a title usually . This DBQ has been updated with a page outlining the English Language Arts/History/Social Studies grades 9-10 as outline at http://www.corestandards.org/ELA-Literacy/RH/9-10 and http://www.corestandards.org/ELA-Literacy/RH/11-12. [127] Indian textiles dominated the Indian Ocean trade for centuries, were sold in the Atlantic Ocean trade, and had a 38% share of the West African trade in the early 18th century, while Indian calicos were a major force in Europe, and Indian textiles accounted for 20% of total English trade with Southern Europe in the early 18th century. Shiism. Akbar worked hard to win over the hearts and minds of the Hindu leaders. As you . <> By 1857 a considerable part of former Mughal India was under the East India Company's control. 2("%m'N*\ Birth Year: 1542. stream [72] The British East India Company took control of the former Mughal province of Bengal-Bihar in 1793 after it abolished local rule (Nizamat) that lasted until 1858, marking the beginning of British colonial era over the Indian subcontinent. When was the First attack of Babur in India? In locations such as India, empire-building involved a more complex interplay of economics with the pre-existing political structures, though the Europeans were still able to eventually gain control. [43], Jahangir (born Salim,[51] reigned 16051627) was born to Akbar and his wife Mariam-uz-Zamani, an Indian Rajput princess. [9], The historian Shireen Moosvi estimates that in terms of contributions to the Mughal economy, in the late 16th century, the primary sector contributed 52%, the secondary sector 18% and the tertiary sector 29%; the secondary sector contributed a higher percentage than in early 20th-century British India, where the secondary sector only contributed 11% to the economy. However for much of their empire they allowed Hindus to reach senior government or military positions. [citation needed] Akbar allowed freedom of religion at his court, and attempted to resolve socio-political and cultural differences in his empire by establishing a new religion, Din-i-Ilahi, with strong characteristics of a ruler cult. endobj endobj stream [138] By the late 18th century, the British displaced the Mughal ruling class in Bengal. Click each document below to view the sample. <> Jahan's son Aurangzeb was the last great Mughal Emperor. Student Analysis Document 5 Source: Dr. Franois ernier, French traveler and foreign employee of the Mughal emperor, who also lived for years in Egypt, the Ottoman Empire, and India, from his book about his experiences, - . [126] By the early 18th century, Mughal Indian textiles were clothing people across the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia, Europe, the Americas, Africa, and the Middle East. OER Project - Free, Standards Based Online History Curriculum It never spread beyond his court and died when he did. In India and Africa, Europeans utilized the old strategies of military force and colonization, but unlike in the Americas, newly introduced diseases did not have such a devastating effect on native populations. <>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 19 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 1>> The Arab empire had a better trade than the byzantine empire. Power often shifted back and forth between these capitals. Not only the Muslim gentry, but the Maratha, Hindu, and Sikh leaders took part in ceremonial acknowledgments of the emperor as the sovereign of India.[72]. endobj Between 1519 and 1524when he invaded Bhera, Sialkot, and Lahorehe showed his definite intention to conquer Hindustan, where the political scene favoured his adventure. x[K#0M600#0`!X!N\SU,EvYI->U_}:eoON6)?+?y&xg>?i`?>?OG|2MB.r}~~t2/aKs4Svvn;nE)'~tW}9e}p|b1('NjVf>E]*[hX?/mvRyDk8$@GQb? <> Aurangzeb defeated Dara in 1659 and had him executed. The literary works Akbar and Jahangir ordered to be illustrated ranged from epics like the Razmnama (a Persian translation of the Hindu epic, the Mahabharata) to historical memoirs or biographies of the dynasty such as the Baburnama and Akbarnama, and Tuzk-e-Jahangiri. [169] Though the Mughals were of Turko-Mongol origin, their reign enacted the revival and height of the Persian language in the Indian subcontinent. [56][57][58], Shah Jahan (reigned 16281658) was born to Jahangir and his wife Jagat Gosain, a Rajput princess. The Mughal empire and Ottoman empire were muslim empires who practice the Sharia law from the Koran. [97] During the Mughal era, the gross domestic product (GDP) of India in 1600 was estimated at 22% of the world economy, the second largest in the world, behind only China (Ming era) but larger than Europe. For example, non-Muslims were not forced to obey Islamic law (as was the case in many Islamic lands), and Hindus were allowed to regulate themselves through their own law and institutions. [69][70][71] The far-off Indian campaign of Nader Shah, who had previously reestablished Iranian suzerainty over most of West Asia, the Caucasus, and Central Asia, culminated with the Sack of Delhi and shattered the remnants of Mughal power and prestige. The title (Mirza) descends to all the sons of the family, without exception. Determine the central ideas or information of a primary or secondary source; provide an accurate summary of how key events or ideas develop over the course of the text. During Aurangzeb's reign (1658-1707), the economy of the Mughal Empire began to decline. [79], Jeffrey G. Williamson has argued that the Indian economy went through deindustrialization in the latter half of the 18th century as an indirect outcome of the collapse of the Mughal Empire, with British rule later causing further deindustrialization. Thereafter, the British East India Company became the protectors of the Mughal dynasty in Delhi. [13] This imperial structure lasted until 1720, until shortly after the death of the last major emperor, Aurangzeb,[14][15] during whose reign the empire also achieved its maximum geographical extent. [97] European fashion, for example, became increasingly dependent on Mughal Indian textiles and silks. % [128] Another innovation, the incorporation of the crank handle in the cotton gin, first appeared in India sometime during the late Delhi Sultanate or the early Mughal Empire. Mirza is a civil title, and Khan is a military one. 3 0 obj Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. 2 0 obj <> For example, the most basic kind was the pargana (district) qadi. The Sur Empire (15401555), founded by Sher Shah Suri (reigned 15401545), briefly interrupted Mughal rule. [117] The Mughal government funded the building of irrigation systems across the empire, which produced much higher crop yields and increased the net revenue base, leading to increased agricultural production. 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