[33] A Confederate officer estimated that 10,000 liberated slaves followed Sherman's army, and hundreds died of "hunger, disease, or exposure" along the way. Daviss men lagged behind the rest of the left wing, and Wheelers cavalry was hot on their heels. So Sherman proposed to split his Union force, taking 62,000 of his best troops on a destructive march, while Maj. Gen. George H. Thomas used the remainder to contain Hood. His scorched-earth tactics changed the history of warfare and are still studied and taught in military institutions . Historian Barrett assesses that Sherman could have stopped Hardee, but failed to because he was hesitant to overcommit his forces. Should you entertain the proposition, I am prepared to grant liberal terms to the inhabitants and garrison; but should I be forced to resort to assault, or the slower and surer process of starvation, I shall then feel justified in resorting to the harshest measures, and shall make little effort to restrain my armyburning to avenge the national wrong which they attach to Savannah and other large cities which have been so prominent in dragging our country into civil war. "Forage Liberally: The Role of Agriculture in Sherman's March to the Sea." This page was last edited on 14 April 2023, at 20:17. Updated: October 4, 2018 | Original: February 22, 2010, From November 15 until December 21, 1864, Union General William T. Sherman led some 60,000 soldiers on a 285-mile march from Atlanta to Savannah, Georgia. The march to the sea,the most destructive campaign against a civilian population during Civil War.It all begain in Atlanta on Novemeber 15,1864,and concluded in Savannah on December 21,1864.As a person who is searching and learning history day by day I am learning about Union general William T. Sherman and his march.Sherman divided his troops into two roughly equal wings,there was 60,000 . Factories, farms and railroads provided Confederate troops with the things they needed, he reasoned; and if he could destroy those things, the Confederate war effort would collapse. [4] Sherman's decision to operate deep within enemy territory without supply lines was unusual for its time, and the campaign is regarded by some historians as an early example of modern warfare or total war. Facts, information and articles about Sherman's March To The Sea during the Civil War. His forces followed a "scorched earth" policy, destroying military targets as well as industry, infrastructure, and civilian property, disrupting the Confederacy's economy and transportation networks. Wheelers horsemen descended on the Federal column at Sandersonville on November 2526, and on November 28 they sprang an attack on Kilpatricks Union cavalry at Buckhead Creek. Foraging parties may also take mules or horses to replace the jaded animals of their trains, or to serve as pack-mules for the regiments or brigades. To average Americans, whether they are Northerners or Southerners, Sherman was a hard, cruel soldier, an unfeeling destroyer, the man who rampaged rather than fought, a brute rather than a human being. Shermans soldiers did not destroy any of the towns in their path, but they stole food and livestock and burned the houses and barns of people who tried to fight back. Grant's armies in Virginia continued in a stalemate against Robert E. Lee's army, besieged in Petersburg, Virginia. Confederate political and military leaders Gov. Wheelers 3,500 man Confederate cavalry tried to hinder Shermans army, but Brig. It was also a symbol of Confederate pride and strength, and its fall made even the most loyal Southerners doubt that they could win the war. During the campaign, the Confederate War Department brought in additional men from Florida and the Carolinas, but they never were able to increase their effective force beyond 13,000.[18]. Recognizing the significance of endometriosis as an unmet chronic disease for women and designating March 2023 as "Endometriosis Awareness Month". Foragers, known as "bummers," would provide food seized from local farms for the army while they destroyed the railroads and the manufacturing and agricultural infrastructure of Georgia. Sherman's famed March to the Sea began in November 15, 1864, when Federal forces began leaving Atlanta. Savannah was now surrounded on land. Sherman's March to Sea. Rockwell. The field order also permitted able-bodied Black labourers to join the march, but commanding officers were instructed to remain cognizant of supplies intended for their army group. Please make my grateful acknowledgments to your whole army, officers and men. The only real combat of the March took place on November 22, near Griswoldville. Uncle Billy, I guess Grant is waiting for us in Richmond? was a common sentiment along the march. In the fall of 1864, the Union General William Tecumseh ("Cump") Sherman took 60,000 men and pillaged his way through Georgia's civilian farmsteads. General Sherman's March to the Sea was historic. Away off in the distance, on the McDonough road, was the rear of Howard's column, the gun-barrels glistening in the sun, the white-topped wagons stretching away to the south; and right before us the Fourteenth Corps, marching steadily and rapidly, with a cheery look and swinging pace, that made light of the thousand miles that lay between us and Richmond. Most Union soldiers complied with Shermans orders. There was no lunch stop; instead, the men ate whenever and whatever they could. Like the morale-focused campaigns of future generals, Shermans march squeezed out a victory with ruthless precision. [9] Sherman therefore planned an operation that has been compared to the modern principles of scorched earth warfare. William Tecumseh Sherman's early military career was a near disaster, having to be temporarily relieved of command. Smith's militia fought off the Union attacks, and Hatch withdrew after suffering about 650 casualties, versus Smith's 50. Although some were saved on makeshift rafts or by soldiers who waded into the creek, a huge number drowned and others were captured by the arriving Confederate troopers. Despite these impediments, the two wings of Shermans army began to converge on Savannah in early December. it was necessary to make the entire Confederate population, not just the military, feel the pain of war in order to defeat the rebellion. (Since Atlanta, South Carolinian Mary Boykin Chestnut wrote in her diary, I have felt as ifwe are going to be wiped off the earth.). [31], Sherman's scorched earth policies have always been highly controversial, and Sherman's memory has long been reviled by many Southerners. His armies sustained more than 1,300 casualties, with the Confederacy suffering roughly 2,300. Confederate morale reached new lows as Sherman burned his way east. The March to the Sea. Federal troops sprinted the 600-yard stretch to the forts walls, and within 15 minutes they had captured the structure. General Sherman finally gained control of the city of Atlanta on September 2, 1864. After capturing Atlanta in September 1864, General Sherman decided to use a different tactic to bring the South to its knees and . Both U.S. President Abraham Lincoln and General Ulysses S. Grant had serious reservations about Sherman's plans. North Carolina suffered less because it was not viewed as responsible for the rebellion, as South Carolina was. Prior to his famous march to the sea, General Sherman led 100,000 men into the southern city of Atlanta. Although beef cattle trudged along with his army, and he had his men fill their haversacks with food before they left, he knew that they could live off the Georgia land. Meanwhile, his troops could undermine Southern morale by making life so unpleasant for Georgias civilians that they would demand an end to the war. By attempting to hold the roads we will lose a thousand men monthly and will gain no result. 120 (series 1864) were military orders issued during the American Civil War, on November 9, 1864, by Major General William Tecumseh Sherman of the Union Army. He fooled the Confederates into believing that one part of his army was heading toward Augusta, while the other wing was heading for Macon. The militia, temporarily under the inexperienced command of Brig. Gen. William J. Hardee initially assumed that its goal was to capture Macon. In these later conflicts, largely through the use of air power, Americans attempted to destroy enemy will and logistics (a doctrine colloquially known as shock and awe in Operation Iraqi Freedom). [39] It was widely popular among US soldiers of 20th-century wars. In the spring of 1864, Union Lieut. The arrival of the main columns was even more frightening to the Georgians in their path than the passage of the foragers. The campaign began on November 15 with Sherman's troops leaving Atlanta, recently taken by Union forces, and ended with the capture of the port of Savannah on December 21. Some bummers escalated their attacks on the local population. Accordingly, on November 19, he dispatched Maj. Gen. Joseph Wheelers cavalry corps and some local militiamen to slow the Unions right flank. Sung from the point of view of a Union soldier, the lyrics detail the freeing of slaves and punishing the Confederacy for starting the war. In 2008 he took over as the executive director and managing editor of the Ulysses S. Grant Association. But as the last unit of Daviss rear guard, the 58th Indiana, reached the far side, the bridge was unlashed. The Cavalry Corps of Maj. Gen. Joseph Wheeler, reinforced by a brigade under Brig. Sherman's March To The Sea: Gen. William T. Sherman. Clearly this soldier was practicing the psychological destructive warfare against Georgia that his commander wanted. The full story, however, is not this simple. General William Tecumseh Sherman's march to the sea during the Civil War was a strategy to break the morale of Confederate supporters by marching a division . As the main columns had been marching all day, organized soldiers and others fanned out in all directions, looking for food and booty. Many troops who heard of their arrival retaliated by burning civilian barns and slaughtering their livestock. Stay up-to-date on our FREE educational resources & professional development opportunities, all designed to support your work teaching American history. Sherman was reluctant to set off on a wild goose chase across the South, however, and so he split his troops into two groups. It had some large plantations, but many more small farms growing a variety of products: vegetables, cotton, sweet potatoes and, in marshy areas, rice and sugar cane. Sherman, reading the paper later in the day, was moved by Byers' poem, and promoted Byers to his staff; the two became lifelong friends. By ripping up and melting down tracks, Union soldiers slowly crippled the states industrial and military potential in full view of its civilians. VI. I know that this recent movement of mine through Georgia has had a wonderful effect in this respect. HISTORY.com works with a wide range of writers and editors to create accurate and informative content. [12] On December 20, Hardee led his men across the Savannah River on a makeshift pontoon bridge. The pacification of Georgia cut the Confederacy in half and denied the insurgent states much of their former industrial and agricultural capacity. They destroyed the bridge across the Oconee River and then turned south.[21]. Please select which sections you would like to print: Myles Hudson was an Editorial Intern at Encyclopdia Britannica. Find History on Facebook (Opens in a new window), Find History on Twitter (Opens in a new window), Find History on YouTube (Opens in a new window), Find History on Instagram (Opens in a new window), Find History on TikTok (Opens in a new window), Getty Images / Print Collector / Contributor, https://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/shermans-march. 120 had permitted Black labourers to accompany the column, despite being a potential drain on resources and slowing the armys pace. They quietly abandoned their trenches and crossed the Savannah River into Confederate-held South Carolina. To my smoke house, my Dairy, Pantry, kitchen & cellar. It was difficult to hide anything from the foragers or the massive main column. Following the March to the Sea, Sherman's army headed north for the Carolinas Campaign. Look it up now! The destruction of Georgia displayed the unfettered might of the Union war machine. Sherman moved against Hood on October 5. 120, regarding the conduct of the campaign. Those prisoners in the state jail willing to take up arms for the Confederacy 175 out of 200 were freed, although some of the newly liberated men burned down the penitentiary rather than report for duty. Gen. Jefferson C. Daviss XIV Corps. [28], From Savannah, after a month-long delay for rest, Sherman marched north in the spring in the Carolinas Campaign, intending to complete his turning movement and combine his armies with Grant's against Robert E. Lee. Less than six months later Gen. Robert E. Lee would surrender to the Union at Appomattox Court House and bring a formal end to the American Civil War. [23][bettersourceneeded], Sherman telegraphed to President Lincoln, "I beg to present you as a Christmas gift the City of Savannah, with one hundred and fifty heavy guns and plenty of ammunition and about twenty-five thousand bales of cotton. At the Battle of Honey Hill on November 30, Hatch fought a vigorous battle against G.W. The March to the Sea, which culminated with the fall of Savannah in December 1864, cut a swath of torn-up railroads, pillaged farms and burned-out plantations through the Georgia countryside . Overnight, Union engineers constructed a bridge 2 miles (3.2km) away from the bluff across the Oconee River, and 200 soldiers crossed to flank the Confederate position. In a November 6 telegram to Grant, he had argued that to every onlooker, the destruction of Georgias economic and industrial potential would be proof positive that the North can prevail in this contest, leaving only open the question of its willingness to use that power. Far more than a mere display of brute force, Shermans wager would prove to be equal parts political and psychological. After a sparse breakfast, they formed the columns and began moving. In 1870, five years after the wars end, the Souths overall agricultural output was 28 percent of the nations total output, some 10 percent below prewar levels. They wandered out five or more miles from the main columns and became experts at finding hidden food, horses, wagons and even slaves. He eliminated Atlanta's war making potential and brought sheer destruction to Georgia, then offered generous surrender terms. Letter, Sherman to Henry W. Halleck, December 24, 1864. Sherman received numerous letters from the very Confederate officers he was fighting against, requesting that Sherman ensure the protection of their families. Union general William T. Sherman abandoned his supply line and marched across Georgia to the Atlantic Ocean to prove to the Confederate . Arnold presented him with the key to the city, and Sherman's men, led by Geary's division of the XX Corps, occupied the city the same day. He ordered Major General George Thomas and the U.S. Army of the Cumberland to follow and engage Hood's Army of Tennessee. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The Majority of our funds go directly to Preservation and Education. After the shooting had stopped, the Union troops discovered, to their horror, that their attackers had been old men and young boys and wondered at the futility of the Confederate cause. [34] The Army wrecked 300 miles (480km) of railroad and numerous bridges and miles of telegraph lines. Brig. With Wheeler close behind, many of them attempted to swim the distance. Wheeler and some infantry struck in a rearguard action at Ball's Ferry on November 24 and November 25. [34], The March to the Sea was devastating to Georgia and the Confederacy. To this day, many believe that Sherman did not bring any supplies with . We are not only fighting armies, but a hostile people, and must make old and young, rich and poor, feel the hard hand of war, as well as their organized armies. Kilpatrick slipped by the defensive line that Wheeler had placed near Brier Creek, but on the night of November 26 Wheeler attacked and drove the 8th Indiana and 2nd Kentucky Cavalry away from their camps at Sylvan Grove. Every purchase supports the mission. The 62,000-man army usually spent the night in tents, the campsites stretching in all directions. Shermans total war in Georgia was brutal and destructive, but it did just what it was supposed to do: it hurt Southern morale, made it impossible for the Confederates to fight at full capacity and likely hastened the end of the war. [6], When Byers was freed by the Union Capture of Columbia, he approached General Sherman and handed him a scrap of paper. The first real resistance was felt by Howard's right wing at the Battle of Griswoldville on November 22. Sherman then turned his attention back to the pacification of Georgia. In our collective memory, blue-clad soldiers march with impunity, their scavenged booty draped about them, leaving a trail of white women and children to sob at their losses and slaves to rejoice at their emancipation. In all foraging, of whatever kind, the parties engaged will refrain from abusive or threatening language, and may, where the officer in command thinks proper, give written certificates of the facts, but no receipts, and they will endeavor to leave with each family a reasonable portion for their maintenance. The former slaves grew increasingly hesitant about getting too close to the white soldiers, who might be their source of freedom, but who often treated them with harshness and disrespect. The portion of this march through South Carolina was even more destructive than the Savannah campaign, since Sherman and his men harbored much ill-will for that state's part in bringing on the start of the Civil War; the following portion, through North Carolina, was less so. Hood had taken the bulk of forces in Georgia on his campaign to Tennessee in hopes of diverting Sherman to pursue him. In 1864 William Tecumseh Sherman headed the Atlanta Campaign, an important series of battles in Georgia that eventually cut off a main Confederate supply centre. The following is an excerpt from those orders: IV. The state legislature extended the existing state draft to include men from 16 to 65 years of age. He graduated from the University of Chicago in 2021. But the way to the sea was not open; Sherman still had to contend with the Confederate army of Lt. Gen. John Bell Hood. The violence abated only after Sherman threatened to shoot an equal number of his own captives. Sherman's next major action was the capture of Columbia, the strategically important capital of South Carolina. Did you know? The capital city panicked. Sherman presented the city of Savannah and its 25,000 bales of cotton to President Lincoln as a Christmas gift.Early in 1865, Sherman and his men left Savannah and pillaged and burned their way through South Carolina to Charleston. Slavery. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. On January 16, 1865, during the Civil War (1861-65), Union general William T. Sherman issued his Special Field Order No. On November 15 th, 1864 Union General William Tecumseh Sherman marched his army of 60,000 troops out of the burning city of Atlanta, Georgia to embark upon a military campaign that stretched 300 miles to Savannah, leaving utter destruction in their wake. Whereas more than 6,500,000 women in the United States are living with endometriosis; Whereas endometriosis is a chronic disease that can be painful and debilitating and affects Since spreading terror farther afield only intensified the impact of his March to the Sea, all of this suited Shermans purposes perfectly. They jumped into the water, frantically trying to swim across and evade Wheeler. Although his formal orders (excerpted below) specified control over destruction of infrastructure in areas in which his army was unmolested by guerrilla activity, he recognized that supplying an army through liberal foraging would have a destructive effect on the morale of the civilian population it encountered in its wide sweep through the state.[10]. Burke Davis' Sherman's March is brief and readable, though pitched to the general reader rather than scholars. In theyears afterthe Civil War, fighting forces around the world have made use of Shermans total war strategy. General Ulysses S. Grant. By the following day, soldiers were setting unauthorized fires, and the flames spread to business and residential districts. In short, the March to the Sea demonstrates not that Sherman was a brute, but that he wanted to wage a war that did not result in countless deaths. Shermans army reached the sea, took Fort McAllister and re-tied itself to a naval supply line. In November 1864, he departed Atlanta with 60,000 troops, bound for the coastal port . Sherman estimated a total Confederate economic loss of $100 million (more than $1.5 billion in the 21st century) in his official campaign report. Now, the undertaking being a success, the honor is yours; for I believe none of us went further than to acquiesce. Union men successfully defended the supply depot northwest of Atlanta at Allatoona Pass, but Hood seized Dalton with little resistance. Sherman had his favorite regimental band present a concert for the city and brought supply ships from the North to help the city and its people regain a sense of normality. Determined not to lay a siege unless absolutely necessary, Sherman ordered 4,000 men from the XV Corps to seize Fort McCallister, a crucial element of the citys southern defense. The mayor of Savannah formally surrendered the city on December 21, 1864. March to the Sea. In April, the Confederacy surrendered and the war was over. done with more spirit, or in better harmony of time and place. 15. Yet, the March is remembered to this day as barbarism unleashed. Union troops burned it to the ground. No doubt many acts of pillage, robbery, and violence were committed by these parties of foragers , Sherman acknowledged, but maintained that their crimes were generally against property, not individuals. Until we can repopulate Georgia it is useless to occupy it, but the utter destruction of its roads, houses, and people will cripple their military resources. Threatened to shoot an equal number of his own captives, however, not. The city on December 21, 1864 by the following day, many believe that ensure. A thousand men monthly and will gain no result more spirit, or in better harmony of time and.... Undertaking being a success, the 58th Indiana, reached the far side, the Confederacy roughly! 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'S war making potential and brought sheer destruction to Georgia and the Confederacy suffering roughly 2,300 on 14 April,! To accompany the column, despite being a potential drain on resources and slowing the pace... Civil war, fighting forces around the world have made use of Shermans total strategy! The arrival of the Ulysses S. Grant Association military institutions hopes of Sherman. They had captured the structure Wheelers cavalry corps of Maj. Gen. Joseph Wheeler, reinforced a. Intern at Encyclopdia Britannica letter, Sherman 's next major action was the capture of Columbia, the ate! Bummers escalated their attacks on the local population [ 39 ] it was not viewed as responsible for Carolinas..., all designed to support your work teaching American history, officers and men the foragers the pacification of displayed! Guess Grant is waiting for us in Richmond in April, the Confederacy suffering roughly 2,300 your teaching.
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