Sign up to unlock all of IQCode features: This website uses cookies to make IQCode work for you. Why don't objects get brighter when I reflect their light back at them? Please re-enable JavaScript in your browser settings. UPSERT is a special syntax addition to INSERT that causes the INSERT to behave as an UPDATE or a no-op if the INSERT would violate a uniqueness constraint. See the separate UPSERT documentation for the additional trailing Another way to find duplicates in SQL is to use NOT EXISTS in the WHERE clause. so having a truly short transaction also helps on this side. For some other SQL engines, you can use a Dummy table containing 1 record. select * from funwithsqlite; It was my mistake for not attempting funwithsqlite as the argument. The upsert-clause is not supported after DEFAULT VALUES. constraint conflict resolution algorithm to use during How small stars help with planet formation. The moment you have two actions, where one depends on another, you need to make sure that the data used by both doesnt change in the meantime because of some other action done by someone else. It is then possible to tell the database that you want to silently ignore records that would violate such a constraint: If you have a table called memos that has two columns id and text you should be able to do like this: If a record already contains a row where text is equal to 'text to insert' and id is equal to 5, then the insert operation will be ignored. If not, I respectfully request this as a feature request for the cli. The following is an example of an INSERT statement that uses the SQLite EXISTS condition: The following is an example of an UPDATE statement that uses the SQLite EXISTS condition: The following is an example of a DELETE statement that uses the SQLite EXISTS condition: Home | About Us | Contact Us | Testimonials | Donate. It would be more helpful if SQLite would fail the CREATE TRIGGER statement if any of the names in the "UPDATE OF" clause are not columns in the table. CREATE TABLE t1 ( c1 INT, c2 VARCHAR (10) ); This time we get an error: Error: table t1 already exists. Hello, I am Bilal, a research enthusiast who tends to break and make code from scratch. By using this site, you agree to our, mysql grant user privileges to database that has suffix and prefix, how to insert if not exists or update in sqlite, insert if not exist or select query sqlite, how to not insert if alredy exist in sqlite c#, sqlite insert if not exists using ContentValues, insert if not exists sqlite for one column, insert into table if colomn not exist sqlite 3, insert to table sqlite only if not exists, HOW TO MAKE VALUES NOT INSERT INTO SQLITE IF THEY EXIST, how to update data when table exists sqlite3, sqlite update from another table, insert if not present, sql insert if not exists row same values sqlite, how to insert new item if not exists flutter floor, update does insert if not present? Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most. I already mentioned theMERGE, but that there are couple of other ways to solve this matter. Should the alternative hypothesis always be the research hypothesis? the VALUES list is inserted into the left-most column of each new row, Otherwise, if no column-list is TheWHEREclause will make sure only those rows thats doesnt already exists in the target table tags will be returned from the virtual table and passed to theINSERTstatement. JavaScript is required for this website to work properly. Its a complicated operator and it must have been difficult to implement. If you are worried about this, keep in mind that Azure SQL will allow readers to read from thetagstable even while someone is changing its data as by default it uses theREAD COMMITTED SNAPSHOT isolation level. When issuing a REPLACE statement, there are two possible outcomes for each issued command:. For more information, see: sqlite.org/lang_insert. For compatibility with MySQL, the parser allows the use of the INSERT INTO memos (id,text) SELECT 5, 'text to insert' WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM memos WHERE id = 5 AND text = 'text to insert'); If a record already contains a row where text is equal to 'text to insert' and id is equal to 5, then the insert operation will be ignored. The table name must be I see the .dump uses the current table name, but it looks like it dumps the entire database and not a partial amount. If you need to add a record with a unique value, the field is modified if the value, for example, name, already exists. Put a unique key on the name, this will create a conflict when you try inserting a record if the name already exists. The inverse is the NOT EXISTS clause, which means the exact opposite. SQLite uses single quotes for string literals and double quotes for identifiers (sometimes, if there is no identifier, SQLite will assume you misused the quotes and silently accept a string literal in double quotes). These issues are why this method is hardly ever used. it always inserts as in insert or replace into my_table (col1, col2) values('1','2'); will add multiple rows of 1 2, I might add that it does work well if the constraint is put in place, "Insert if not exists" statement in SQLite, silently ignore records that would violate such a constraint, The philosopher who believes in Web Assembly, Improving the copy in the close modal and post notices - 2023 edition, New blog post from our CEO Prashanth: Community is the future of AI. How do two equations multiply left by left equals right by right? Why is a "TeX point" slightly larger than an "American point"? I want to check the name already in or then add this new record if 'test' is not in table. The SQLite EXISTS condition can also be combined with the NOT operator. if the upsert-clause is present. python sqliteid,python,sqlite,Python,Sqlite,id conn = sqlite3.connect("APIlan.db") c = conn.cursor() c.execute('''CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS ENERGYLOG (id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT, totalenergy REAL)''') c.execute("INSERT . This can be considered a better way to use the not exists clause by combining it with the query where you insert data. SQLite CASE statement - INSERT IF NOT EXISTS. Syntax create-view-stmt: CREATE TEMP TEMPORARY VIEW IF NOT EXISTS schema-name . MERGE without HOLDLOCK/SERIALIZABLE? Can dialogue be put in the same paragraph as action text? rev2023.4.17.43393. SQL statements that use the EXISTS Condition in SQLite are very inefficient since the sub-query is RE-RUN for EVERY row in the outer query's table. Maybe Microsoft could introduce WITH ( IGNORE_DUP_KEY = ON ) as a query hint? Then, design a query such as the one in the code below. I would advice that you instead design your table so that no duplicates are allowed as explained in @CLs answer below. MYSQLSQLITE ; 20. is supported for top-level INSERT statements only. .mode insert funwithsqlite Database Administrators Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for database professionals who wish to improve their database skills and learn from others in the community. If you don't want that, use IGNORE. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. Third, verify the insert using the following SELECT statement. To update selected rows, you can use the WHERE query with the UPDATE query; otherwise, all the table rows will be updated. How can I make inferences about individuals from aggregated data? INSERT OR UPDATE uses the same syntax, features, and restrictions employed by the INSERT statement. Login to edit/delete your existing comments. While using this site, you agree to have read and accepted our Terms of Service and Privacy Policy. When there is no index on lol.haha, the EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN outputs look similar: You can do this with a unique constraint & insert or ignore. can one turn left and right at a red light with dual lane turns? Why is my table wider than the text width when adding images with \adjincludegraphics? No existing data row is found with matching values and thus a standard INSERT . The INSERT and UPDATE commands are crucial in getting the job done. Each tutorial explains the complex concepts in simple and easy-to-understand ways so that you can both understand SQLite fast and know how to apply it in your application effectively. Why don't objects get brighter when I reflect their light back at them? Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. Once this is done, SQLite issues a message "Row Affected: 3". When populating a database, one of the most common issues one might come across is data duplication. However, it violates the NOT NULL constraint of the title column. Copyright 2022 SQLite Tutorial. The tablename argument to .mode insert tablename is merely an annotation (the default if not specified is 'table') to be used in the .mode insert output. If you need more rows then JSON, Table Valued Parameters or Bulk Insert are abetter choice). Can I use money transfer services to pick cash up for myself (from USA to Vietnam)? Is the amplitude of a wave affected by the Doppler effect? Using REPLACE. This inserts a new row in the table using the default values previously specified for you. I have an SQLite database. that one INSERT command. There are more efficient ways to write most queries, that do not use the EXISTS Condition. The following illustrates the syntax of the REPLACE statement. as the number of items in the column-list. This operation updates the row with specific column values. Improve INSERT-per-second performance of SQLite, ALTER TABLE ADD COLUMN IF NOT EXISTS in SQLite. What the statement tried to do is to update the min_salary for the position with id 2, which is the developer. I am trying to insert values (users_id, lessoninfo_id) in table bookmarks, only if both do not exist before in a row. If the insertion violates any predefined terms, the insertion will be ignored. Brian Spendolini Senior Product Manager, Azure SQL Database, Drew Skwiers-Koballa Senior Program Manager, Silvano Coriani Principal Program Manager. Here is the basic syntax of the EXISTS operator: EXISTS (subquery) Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql) In this syntax, the subquery is a SELECT statement that returns zero or more rows. In the event that you wish to actually replace rows where INSERT commands would produce errors due to duplicate UNIQUE or PRIMARY KEY values as outlined above, one option is to opt for the REPLACE statement.. list is specified, then the number of values in each term of the Here, if a user with id 123 already exists in the table, the name will be replaced with abc. How can I make the following table quickly? Introduction to SQLite EXISTS operator The EXISTS operator is a logical operator that checks whether a subquery returns any row. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. Then, SQLite tried to insert a new row with two columns: ( id, min_salary). The second form of the INSERT statement contains a SELECT statement https://michaeljswart.com/2012/08/be-careful-with-the-merge-statement/. Real polynomials that go to infinity in all directions: how fast do they grow? This page last modified on 2022-01-08 05:02:57 UTC. DEFAULT VALUES statement inserts a single new row into the named table. top-level INSERT statements only and not for INSERT statements within CREATE TABLE users('pk' INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, 'name' VARCHAR(100) UNIQUE, 'count' INTEGER); This answer could be better if it provides a concrete example in valid SQL syntax. To insert a single row into a database table, you can use the following form of the INSERT statement: Before adding, you need to specify the name of the table you intend to insert the data to after the INSERT INTO statement. This SQLite EXISTS example will return all records from the departments table where there are no records in the employees table for the given department_id. SQLite guarantees all the transactions are ACID compliant even if the transaction is interrupted by a program crash, operation system dump, or power failure to the computer. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. The default is ABORT, so without the IGNORE, the statement will return an error. and came at the right time. sqlite3 INSERT IF NOT EXIST (with Python) python database sqlite insert 17,208 Solution 1 Assuming a is in a column called "Col1", b is in "Col2" and c is in "Col3", the following should check for the existence of such a row: self.cur.execute ( 'SELECT * FROM ProSolut WHERE (Col1=? As you can easily understand, in fact, if you have done the first action, you really need to be sure that in-scope data doesnt change before you can do the second action, otherwise the result may be wrong or inconsistent. But this is a different question. What screws can be used with Aluminum windows? This update occurs when the specified data values are identical to the existing data. Hello, I am Bilal, a research enthusiast who tends to break and make code from scratch. How to solve this problem elegantly and without having such big transactions? Can we do with this in a single Query. Home SQLite Tutorial SQLite REPLACE Statement. If you need to modify data in SQLite, use the UPDATE query. To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. Each column of the new row is populated with its default value, or with a NULL if no default value is specified as part of the column definition in the CREATE TABLE statement. We hope you now know exactly what to do to meet your needs and produce the most efficient database. The question arises what to do with the period 17/01 to 10/02? * ON CONFLICT DO UPDATE is postgres syntax. SQLite Tutorial website helps you master SQLite quickly and easily. You are misusing quotes. How can I test if a new package version will pass the metadata verification step without triggering a new package version? In the replacement case, this statement would set the value to NULL, and then a new ID would be allocated. as the number of columns in the table. To do this, you can use the following code: Any field that doesnt exist in the insert list will be assigned NULL if the table row already exists. If you can't make use of a UNIQUE INDEX in combination with INSERT INTO or INSERT OR IGNORE INTO, you could write a query like this; Thanks for contributing an answer to Stack Overflow! Another method that would successfully prevent you from adding any redundancy in SQLite is the insert or ignore clause. columns that do not appear in the column list are populated with the This can be used in queries after insertion, as shown below. Yes, you can do that with a single query. The main reasons that differentiate each of these methods are: Before advanced database queries, the norm was to go through entries and identify any duplication. To avoid a parsing ambiguity, the SELECT statement should always Find Add Code snippet However, when you don't specify new_table, it defaults to table in the output. The problem, in fact, lies in the algorithm itself. Like Aaron Mentioned, the MERGE statement has some issues with it. of values inserted into each row It will take a few to have also the cache updated, but by tomorrow everything should be fine. sqlitepostgres ; 23. The virtual table will be calledsand will have two columns:post_idandtag. It could have a range of issues, including memory wastage which can be quite costly. DEFAULT VALUES". The tablename argument to .mode insert tablename is merely an annotation (the default if not specified is 'table') to be used in the .mode insert output. Instead, it is statically or dynamically linked into the application. If a column-list is The logic behind the scenes is the same, but the code is much leaner in my opinion: TheMERGEis a very powerful command and would also allow you to implement in the same command also theupsert(insert-or-update) behavior. as part of the column definition in the CREATE TABLE statement. name for the table into which content is being inserted. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. to tell Azure SQL that we are reading with the goal to update the row. As the chosen algorithm is comprised of two separate steps, you must create a transaction big enough to keep both steps under the same umbrella, so that the two physical separate steps will logically work like one. Browse other questions tagged, Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, Reach developers & technologists worldwide, What is the optimal way to then get the ID of the newly inserted row or the already existing one, so I can insert it to another table that has a foreign key to this one? named table. Data types will be automatically inferred; if you want to have some specific data type, you can alwaysCASTthe value to make sure the data type you want will be used. Yes, you can do that with a single query. Your query will run successfully, but no insertion will be made. Let's try it with the same conditions from the previous section: How to determine chain length on a Brompton? @Amir Hossein Ghasemi What exactly doesn't work? Lets assume we want to leave the Salary column alone from the previous example. In this tutorial, we have shown you how to use the SQLite REPLACE statement to insert or replace a row in a table. In SQLite, there are multiple ways to avoid duplicate entries. view-name ( column-name ) AS select-stmt , select-stmt: 2. How to insert into table only if entry does not already exist? You can insert a row of data into the table by using the SELECT statement. Take a Google at "SQL overlapping date ranges"! This behavior is also known asatomicity: the two steps are indivisible. insert sqlite duplication Share UPSERT is not standard SQL. SQLite introduced the IIF () function since version 3.32.0. Install the driver by: $ go get -u github.com/mattn/go-sqlite3 Source Code SQLite SQLite is an embedded relational database engine. Senior Product Manager, Azure SQL Database, https://cc.davelozinski.com/sql/fastest-way-to-insert-new-records-where-one-doesnt-already-exist, Considerations of Data Partitioning on Spark during Data Loading on Clustered Columnstore Index, Introducing Configurable Retry Logic in Microsoft.Data.SqlClient v3.0.0-Preview1, Login to edit/delete your existing comments, https://sqlperformance.com/2020/09/locking/upsert-anti-pattern, https://michaeljswart.com/2011/09/mythbusting-concurrent-updateinsert-solutions/, https://michaeljswart.com/2012/08/be-careful-with-the-merge-statement/. Comments are closed. TheUPDLOCKis ahintto tell Azure SQL that we are reading with the goal to update the row. sqlite, mysql lite update or insert if not exists, dont insert if all values are same sqlite3 python, sqlite check if record exists before insert, sqlite insert if item not exists else update. compound SELECTs and SELECT statements with ORDER BY and/or LIMIT clauses, Is it possible to have the insert mode print the current table you're selecting from? An example of this is shown in the code below. prefix on the You may be interested to know if the one described is the only way to implement an insert-only-if-exist pattern. syntax that can cause an INSERT to behave as an UPDATE if the INSERT would You can always change the condition by altering the query in the brackets to whatever your requirements are. It shouldn't insert if Tina is already in the table with a Start day of 01/10/2017. @rightaway717 "Ignore" means that nothing happens; this question has nothing to do with updating. By allowing the engine to know that, the internal mechanism of lock conversion can be optimized to guarantee the best concurrency and consistency. default column value (specified as part of the CREATE TABLE statement), or must be the same as the number of columns in the table. This approach uses a resource version token for example, anETag to make sure that data didnt change between the first and the second step. How to provision multi-tier a file system across fast and slow storage while combining capacity? Ill make super good use of them! The condition c="C" compares field c (case insensitive names) with itself, which is always true. Recently I found a quite common request onStackOverflow. harmless. otherwise violate a uniqueness constraint. This can still work for databases with very few records. You can use the INSERT statement to get the task done. The upsert-clause is not supported after DEFAULT VALUES. This article showcases how to take advantage of a highly distributed framework provided by spark engine, to load data into a Clustered Columnstore Index of a relational database like SQL Server or Azure SQL Database, by carefully partitioning the data before insertion. A new entry is inserted into the table for each I dwell deep into the latest issues faced by the developer community and provide answers and different solutions. You can verify the REPLACE operation using the SELECT statement. A tag can be used in different posts, but only once per post. . And any other triggers are skipped. For example, in your case: CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS "funwithsqlite" ( "ID" , "heading2", "heading3" ); sqlite> .mode insert funwithsqlite_copy sqlite> select * from funwithsqlite limit 5; INSERT INTO "funwithsqlite_copy" VALUES(2,6400,'2021 . The second command here will update the record, which in this case, now exists. Now I get SQL error and data not added. The default is ABORT, so without the IGNORE, the statement will return an error. We have shown you how to solve this problem elegantly and without having such big transactions as,! When adding images with \adjincludegraphics more rows then JSON, table Valued or... Abetter choice ) new id would be allocated data not added operation using the default is ABORT so... ; this question has nothing to do to meet your needs and produce the most efficient.! It shouldn & # x27 ; t insert if Tina is already in or then add new... Tutorial website helps you master SQLite quickly and easily code SQLite SQLite is the only way use! Alter table add column if not, I respectfully request this as feature... The row with specific column values be optimized to guarantee the best concurrency and.. Like Aaron mentioned, the statement tried to insert a new id would be allocated the! Operator that checks whether a subquery returns any row this in a single query do is update... Code from scratch query where you insert data SQL overlapping date ranges '' table wider the... View-Name ( column-name ) as a query hint @ rightaway717 `` IGNORE '' means that nothing happens ; question... Of a wave Affected by the Doppler effect, we have shown you to! With dual lane turns Product Manager, Silvano Coriani Principal Program Manager, SQL! Sqlite duplication share UPSERT is not in table issues, including memory wastage which can be considered a better to! `` IGNORE '' means that nothing happens ; this question has nothing to do is to update the for. And consistency so that no duplicates are allowed as explained in @ CLs answer below following illustrates the of... The min_salary for the table into which content is being inserted Service, Privacy policy and cookie policy columns... Have shown you how to use the SQLite EXISTS operator the EXISTS operator a. Can one turn left and right at a red light with dual lane turns, a research enthusiast tends... A red light with dual lane turns one in the same syntax, features, and restrictions employed by insert. Technologies you use most inserts a new id would be allocated queries, that do not the. In fact, lies in the code below so without the IGNORE, the MERGE statement has some with. Improve INSERT-per-second performance of SQLite, use IGNORE only way to use the update query lock conversion be. To meet your needs and produce the most efficient database overlapping date ''. Is data duplication difficult to implement an insert-only-if-exist pattern accepted our terms of Service and policy. In different posts, but no insertion will be ignored enthusiast who tends to break and code. `` TeX point '' a complicated operator and it must have been difficult to implement the alternative hypothesis be... Short transaction also helps on this side see our tips on writing great.! Request this as a feature request for the cli it must have been difficult to implement an insert-only-if-exist.., Silvano Coriani Principal Program Manager to solve this problem elegantly and without having such big transactions Program Manager Silvano. Slow storage while combining capacity we hope you now know exactly what to do with updating which can be in... Have a range of issues, including memory wastage which can be optimized to guarantee the best and. If the name, this will CREATE a conflict when you try inserting a record if 'test is... Then add this new record if 'test ' is not in table adding images \adjincludegraphics! To use the EXISTS operator is a logical operator that checks whether subquery. Doppler effect NULL, and then a new id would be allocated driver by $... Values statement inserts a new row with specific column values why do n't want that, statement! Is to update the record, which in this case, this will CREATE a conflict you. The second form of the title column Program Manager one might come across is data duplication clause by combining with. Without the IGNORE, the internal mechanism of lock conversion can be in. Which content is being inserted the question arises what to do is to update the row database... Small stars help with planet formation research hypothesis has nothing to do is to update min_salary. T insert if Tina is already in the same syntax, features, and restrictions employed by the Doppler?. Here will update the min_salary for the position with id 2, which means the opposite., table Valued Parameters or Bulk insert are abetter choice ) take a Google ``! Replace operation using the following SELECT statement https: //michaeljswart.com/2012/08/be-careful-with-the-merge-statement/ one turn left right! You agree to have read and accepted our terms of Service and Privacy policy an example of this is,! & # x27 ; t insert if Tina is already in the code below id min_salary... Manager, Silvano Coriani Principal Program Manager without triggering a new id would allocated... File system across fast and slow storage while combining capacity as action text not operator nothing happens ; this has... Upsert is not in table Google at `` SQL overlapping date ranges '' job done lane turns, responding... Occurs when the specified data values are identical to the existing data is... & # x27 ; t insert if Tina is already in the table using the SELECT statement the table... Of lock conversion can be optimized to guarantee the best concurrency and consistency why this method is ever! Guarantee the best concurrency and consistency min_salary ) SQLite quickly and easily syntax create-view-stmt: CREATE TEMP TEMPORARY VIEW not... Funwithsqlite ; it was my mistake for not attempting funwithsqlite as the described... Truly short transaction also helps on this side, Silvano Coriani Principal Program Manager know that, the statement to... That go to infinity in all directions: how fast do they?... A truly short transaction also helps on this side we hope you know! Will have two columns: ( id, min_salary ) known asatomicity: the two steps indivisible... The value to NULL, and then a new row in a query! Come across is data duplication we do with the period 17/01 sqlite insert if not exists 10/02 default values previously specified for.! A range of issues, including memory wastage which can be optimized to guarantee the best concurrency consistency. To unlock all of IQCode features: this website to work properly a database, Drew Senior... Can insert a new row with two columns: post_idandtag by left equals by! Will run successfully, but no insertion will be made the EXISTS condition CLs answer below I mentioned! The table with a single query equals right by right a logical operator that checks whether a subquery returns row. Two columns: ( id, min_salary ) however, it is or... Themerge, but only once per Post from USA to Vietnam ) used in different posts, but only per. Statement has some issues with it checks whether a subquery returns any row new package version CREATE TEMPORARY. Inserting a record if 'test ' is not in table directions: how fast they. But no insertion will be calledsand will have two columns: post_idandtag difficult to implement in the CREATE table.... It violates the not NULL constraint of the insert or update uses same. The insertion will be made will run successfully, but only once per Post will an... That there are more efficient ways to avoid duplicate entries 3 '' introduce (! If the insertion will be made could have a range of issues, including memory wastage which can optimized... The second form of the insert or update uses the same paragraph as action text into... To SQLite EXISTS sqlite insert if not exists table wider than the text width when adding images \adjincludegraphics... The REPLACE statement to insert or update uses the same paragraph as action text row in a sqlite insert if not exists done. Return an error it could have a range of issues, including memory wastage which can be a... Are couple of other ways to avoid duplicate entries day of 01/10/2017 statement... Following illustrates the syntax of the most common issues one might come across is data duplication the... Program Manager IQCode work for databases with very few records this Tutorial, we have you... Embedded relational database engine: CREATE TEMP TEMPORARY VIEW if not EXISTS in SQLite the... Posts, but only once per Post the min_salary for the table using. Embedded relational database engine are allowed as explained in @ CLs answer below the named table a can... Text width when adding images with \adjincludegraphics go to infinity in all directions: fast... Coriani Principal Program Manager, Silvano Coriani Principal Program Manager, Silvano Coriani Principal Program Manager, Silvano Principal. Across fast and slow storage while combining capacity efficient database equations multiply by! The query where you insert data already mentioned theMERGE, but only once per Post helps on this.. With the goal to update the record, which in this case, now EXISTS with two columns:...., features, and then a new package version Service, Privacy policy )., table Valued Parameters or Bulk insert are abetter choice ) would set value! Slightly larger than an `` American point '' from funwithsqlite ; it was mistake!: 3 '' if Tina is already in or then add this new record if 'test ' not. Mistake for not attempting funwithsqlite as the argument on writing great answers instead design your table so that no are. Bulk insert are abetter choice ) not already exist avoid duplicate entries write most queries, that do use! The named table then sqlite insert if not exists new row in a table form of the insert statement to get the done... Table only if entry does not already exist: this website to properly...
