Caucasus as Stalin's 'henchman' or 'sidekick' seems dubious, given the number of times that the party leadership appears to have been taken by surprise by the former's actions. [421] The first Moscow Trial took place in August 1936; Kamenev and Zinoviev were among those accused of plotting assassinations, found guilty in a show trial, and executed. Stalin held the title General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1922-1953), a position . [893] During Stalin's lifetime, his approved biographies were largely hagiographic in content. Continuation of the notes. [346] His speeches and articles reflected his utopian vision of the Soviet Union rising to unparalleled heights of human development, creating a "new Soviet person". [601] He also erroneously claimed that the initial German advance in the early part of the war, during Operation Barbarossa, was not a result of Soviet military weakness, but rather a deliberate Soviet strategic retreat. [508] In June 1942, the German Army began a major offensive in Southern Russia, threatening Stalingrad; Stalin ordered the Red Army to hold the city at all costs. [833] Stalin was sociable and enjoyed a joke. of the Name "Stalin" ROBERT HIMMER* Iosif Djugashvili first used the pseudonym by which he became famous on December 1, 1912, when he signed an article in the Bolshe- . [189], Because of the ongoing First World War, in which Russia was fighting the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary, Lenin's government relocated from Petrograd to Moscow in March 1918. [208] Believing that victory was assured by numerical superiority, he sent large numbers of Red Army troops into battle against the region's anti-Bolshevik White armies, resulting in heavy losses; Lenin was concerned by this costly tactic. [369] At its 6th Congress in July 1928, Stalin informed delegates that the main threat to socialism came not from the right but from non-Marxist socialists and social democrats, whom he called "social fascists";[370] Stalin recognised that in many countries, the social democrats were the Marxist-Leninists' main rivals for working-class support. A 2012 survey commissioned by the Carnegie Endowment found 38% of Armenians concurring that their country "will always have need of a leader like Stalin. [536], In February 1945, the three leaders met at the Yalta Conference. [130] In late 1912, Stalin twice crossed into the Austro-Hungarian Empire to visit Lenin in Cracow,[131] eventually bowing to Lenin's opposition to reunification with the Mensheviks. [373] In November 1932, after a group dinner in the Kremlin in which Stalin flirted with other women, Nadezhda shot herself. [66] There, he co-edited a Georgian Marxist newspaper, Proletariatis Brdzola ("Proletarian Struggle"), with Philip Makharadze. [230] Lenin believed that the Polish proletariat would rise up to support the Russians against Jzef Pisudski's Polish government. [604] [891] Khlevniuk noted that at various points, particularly when Stalin was old and frail, there were "periodic manifestations" in which the party oligarchy threatened his autocratic control. He is also a full member of the Politburo. [395] In 1938, The History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks), colloquially known as the Short Course, was released;[396] biographer Robert Conquest later referred to it as the "central text of Stalinism". [735] His writing style was similar, being characterised by its simplicity, clarity, and conciseness. Using the idea of collective responsibility as a basis, Stalin's government abolished their autonomous republics and between late 1943 and 1944 deported the majority of their populations to Central Asia and Siberia. Stalin had called for the Chinese Communists to ally themselves with Kuomintang (KMT) nationalists, viewing a Communist-Kuomintang alliance as the best bulwark against Japanese imperial expansionism. [526] There, Stalin and Roosevelt got on well, with both desiring the post-war dismantling of the British Empire. [900], With a high number of excess deaths occurring under his rule, Stalin has been labelled "one of the most notorious figures in history. December 23, 1922. [614] When the U.S. and UK remained opposed to this, Stalin sought to force their hand by blockading Berlin in June 1948. [606] In November 1948, he abolished the JAC,[632] and show trials took place for some of its members. [560] In 1946, the state published Stalin's Collected Works. "[884] In both the Soviet Union and elsewhere he came to be portrayed as an "Oriental despot". [646] He was very interested in the reigns of Ivan the Terrible, Peter the Great and Catherine the Great. [146] In August, he arrived in the village of Monastyrskoe, although after four weeks was relocated to the hamlet of Kostino. [183] Stalin's office was based near to Lenin's in the Smolny Institute,[184] and he and Trotsky were the only individuals allowed access to Lenin's study without an appointment. Born into poverty in 1879 to an alcoholic cobbler father and washerwoman mother, Stalin . [701] Stalin biographer Oleg Khlevniuk nevertheless believed that the pair developed a "strong bond" over the years,[702] while Kotkin suggested that Stalin's friendship with Lenin was "the single most important relationship in Stalin's life". One method they used to do this was to attempt a hard push of a rebrand of the particular variant of fascism the Soviets were using to "just . [828] Additionally, according to Beria, Stalin had affairs with several Jewish women. [875], Stalin's Soviet Union has been characterised as a totalitarian state,[876] with Stalin its authoritarian leader. Nevertheless, his regime has been widely criticized as totalitarian and is condemned for overseeing mass repression, ethnic cleansing, wide-scale deportation, hundreds of thousands of executions, and famines that killed millions. This was, in effect, a new Russian revolution more devastating in its effects than those of 1917. [857] After Stalin's death, Svetlana changed her surname from Stalin to Alliluyeva,[675] and defected to the U.S.[858], After Nadezhda's death, Stalin became increasingly close to his sister-in-law Zhenya Alliluyeva;[859] Montefiore believed that they were lovers. [159] In a celebratory mood, Stalin travelled by train to Petrograd in March. [568] It was established that 1,710 Soviet towns and 70,000 villages had been destroyed. [495] Responding to the invasion, the Soviets intensified their industrial enterprises in central Russia, focusing almost entirely on production for the military. [431] During these years, approximately 1.6million people were arrested,[432] 700,000 were shot, and an unknown number died under NKVD torture. [619] With this accomplished, Marxist governments now controlled a third of the world's land mass. [554] Germany was divided into four zones: Soviet, U.S., British, and French, with Berlin itselflocated within the Soviet areaalso subdivided thusly. [626] The U.S. went to the UN Security Councilwhich the Soviets were boycotting over its refusal to recognise Mao's governmentand secured international military support for the South Koreans. [931], The only other part of the former Soviet Union other than Russia where admiration for Stalin has remained consistently widespread is Georgia, although Georgian attitudes have been very divided. This was the highest level position until the decline of the communist regime in Russia. [154], While Stalin was in exile, Russia entered the First World War, and in October 1916 Stalin and other exiled Bolsheviks were conscripted into the Russian Army, leaving for Monastyrskoe. Leon Trotsky was a significant figure in Marxist theory and politics and a crucial figure in the Russian Revolution. See answer (1) Best Answer. [132] In January 1913, Stalin travelled to Vienna,[133] where he researched the 'national question' of how the Bolsheviks should deal with the Russian Empire's national and ethnic minorities. [796] Like all Bolshevik leaders, Stalin believed that reading could help transform not just people's ideas and consciousness, but human nature itself. 1. [714], Stalin viewed nations as contingent entities which were formed by capitalism and could merge into others. Unrest soon spread across the Russian Empire in what came to be known as the Revolution of 1905. [317] Stalin announced that both kulaks and the "middle peasants" must be coerced into releasing their harvest. [391] Stalin would not acknowledge that his policies had contributed to the famine,[380] the existence of which was kept secret from foreign observers. [890] Kotkin observed that Stalin's ability to remain in power relied on him having a majority in the Politburo at all times. [693] The new state would then be able to ensure that all citizens had access to work, food, shelter, healthcare, and education, with the wastefulness of capitalism eliminated by a new, standardised economic system. [428] In July 1937, the Politburo ordered a purge of "anti-Soviet elements" in society, targeting anti-Stalin Bolsheviks, former Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionaries, priests, ex-White Army soldiers, and common criminals. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. [429] That month, Stalin and Yezhov signed Order No. U.S. led forces pushed the North Koreans back. [418] Stalin issued a decree establishing NKVD troikas which could mete out rulings without involving the courts. [243] Stalin opposed the idea of separate Georgian, Armenian, and Azeri autonomous republics, arguing that these would likely oppress ethnic minorities within their respective territories; instead he called for a Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic. What was Eratosthenes's nickname? [797], Keenly interested in the arts,[798] Stalin admired artistic talent. [207] He befriended two military figures, Kliment Voroshilov and Semyon Budyonny, who would form the nucleus of his military and political support base. [915] Stalingrad was renamed Volgograd. [198] Stalin supported Lenin's desire to sign an armistice with the Central Powers regardless of the cost in territory. [626] Both Stalin and Mao believed that a swift victory would ensue. Stalin, Trotsky, Sverdlov, and Lenin lived at the Kremlin. [679] Some of these derived from political expediency rather than any sincere intellectual commitment;[679] Stalin would often turn to ideology post hoc to justify his decisions. By 1927, Stalin was the unquestioned ruler of the Soviet Union. [493] Stalin issued Order No. [195] The decree's purpose was primarily strategic; the Bolsheviks wanted to gain favour among ethnic minorities but hoped that the latter would not actually desire independence. [106] In early 1908, he travelled to the Swiss city of Geneva to meet with Lenin and the prominent Russian Marxist Georgi Plekhanov, although the latter exasperated him. [772], Stalin could play different roles to different audiences,[773] and was adept at deception, often deceiving others as to his true motives and aims. [496] During the war, Stalin was more tolerant of the Russian Orthodox Church, allowing it to resume some of its activities and meeting with Patriarch Sergius in September 1943. [922] In recent years, the government and general public of Russia has been accused of rehabilitating Stalin. [499] They achieved high levels of industrial productivity, outstripping that of Germany. [362] The government's anti-religious campaign was re-intensified,[363] with increased funding given to the League of Militant Atheists. [366] He personally met with a range of Western visitors, including George Bernard Shaw and H. G. Wells, both of whom were impressed with him. [192] He took Nadezhda Alliluyeva as his secretary[193] and at some point married her, although the wedding date is unknown. [449], As a MarxistLeninist, Stalin considered conflict between competing capitalist powers inevitable; after Nazi Germany annexed Austria and then part of Czechoslovakia in 1938, he recognised a war was looming. [682] Stalin believed in the need to adapt Marxism to changing circumstances; in 1917, he declared that "there is dogmatic Marxism and there is creative Marxism. [488] In June 1941, he ordered a scorched earth policy of destroying infrastructure and food supplies before the Germans could seize them,[489] also commanding the NKVD to kill around 100,000 political prisoners in areas the Wehrmacht approached. [129], After the October 1912 Duma elections, where six Bolsheviks and six Mensheviks were elected, Stalin wrote articles calling for reconciliation between the two Marxist factions, for which Lenin criticised him. [528] Roosevelt and Churchill also agreed to Stalin's demand that the German city of Knigsberg be declared Soviet territory. [236] Lenin joined Trotsky in criticising him, and nobody spoke on his behalf at the conference. [402] Stalin admired Hitler, particularly his manoeuvres to remove rivals within the Nazi Party in the Night of the Long Knives. 270, Stalin commanded soldiers risking capture to fight to the death describing the captured as traitors;[492] among those taken as a prisoner of war by the Germans was Stalin's son Yakov, who died in their custody. [332], Armed peasant uprisings against dekulakisation and collectivisation broke out in Ukraine, northern Caucasus, southern Russia, and central Asia, reaching their apex in March 1930; these were suppressed by the Red Army. [710] Following Lenin's death, Stalin contributed to the theoretical debates within the Communist Party, namely by developing the idea of "Socialism in One Country". World War II. The Soviet Union and the United States emerged as global superpowers and entered a period of tension, the Cold War. [418] By the latter part of 1937, the purges had moved beyond the party and were affecting the wider population. [608] Stalin did not personally attend the meeting, sending Zhdanov in his place. Lithuania [37] The pseudonym may also have been a tribute to his wealthy benefactor, Yakobi "Koba" Egnatashvili, who paid for his schooling at the Tiflis seminary. [477] Despite intelligence agencies repeatedly warning him of Germany's intentions, Stalin was taken by surprise. [548] On 8 August, in between the U.S. atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the Soviet army invaded Japanese-occupied Manchuria and defeated the Kwantung Army. [378] It therefore emphasised the expansion of housing space and the production of consumer goods. [162] In April, Stalin came third in the Bolshevik elections for the party's Central Committee; Lenin came first and Zinoviev came second. [744] From mid-1918 until his death he favoured military-style clothing, in particular long black boots, light-coloured collarless tunics, and a gun. [877] Various biographers have described him as a dictator,[878] an autocrat,[879] or accused him of practising Caesarism. [128] Stalin returned to Saint Petersburg, where he continued editing and writing articles for Pravda. [53], That month, Stalin travelled to the port city of Batum. [204] To secure access to the dwindling food supply, in May 1918 Sovnarkom sent Stalin to Tsaritsyn to take charge of food procurement in southern Russia. [456] Germany began negotiations with the Soviets, proposing that Eastern Europe be divided between the two powers. MZbee. 6 December] 1878 [1] - 5 March 1953) was a revolutionary in the Russian Empire and political leader who led the Soviet Union from 1924 until his death in 1953. Some of the photos may be from earlier dates, but it is believed that this photo of Stalin was taken in 1893. There, Khrushchev denounced Stalin for both his mass repression and his personality cult. [534] Cautiously regarding the responses from the Western Allies, Stalin avoided immediately installing Communist Party governments across Eastern Europe, instead initially ensuring that Marxist-Leninists were placed in coalition ministries. Lenin's Testament, formally Letter to the Congress, Russian Pismo K Syezdu, two-part document dictated by Vladimir I. Lenin on Dec. 23-26, 1922, and Jan. 4, 1923, and addressed to a future Communist Party Congress. The Soviet Union itself had only been formed a few years earlier in 1918, but when the communist leader . [274] Favouring new Communist Party members from proletarian backgrounds, to the "Old Bolsheviks" who tended to be middle class university graduates,[275] he ensured he had loyalists dispersed across the country's regions. [70] Although he established a Bolshevik stronghold in the mining town of Chiatura,[71] Bolshevism remained a minority force in the Menshevik-dominated Georgian revolutionary scene. [671] The collective leadership included the following eight senior members of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, listed according to the order of precedence presented formally on 5 March 1953: Georgy Malenkov, Lavrentiy Beria, Vyacheslav Molotov, Kliment Voroshilov, Nikita Khrushchev, Nikolai Bulganin, Lazar Kaganovich and Anastas Mikoyan. [706] He read about, and admired, two Tsars in particular: Ivan the Terrible and Peter the Great. [291] In 1925, the two moved into open opposition to Stalin and Bukharin. [925] A 2013 survey by Tbilisi State University found 45% of Georgians expressing "a positive attitude" to him. It is clear that Stalin became a follower of 1 Khrushchev included two relevant letters in his "secret" report to the Twentieth [117], In January 1912, while Stalin was in exile, the first Bolshevik Central Committee was elected at the Prague Conference. [542] After receiving a complaint about this from Yugoslav communist Milovan Djilas, Stalin asked how after experiencing the traumas of war a soldier could "react normally? His gang ambushed the armed convoy in Erivan Square with gunfire and home-made bombs. [395] He declared that "socialism, which is the first phase of communism, has basically been achieved in this country". [903] According to Michael Ellman, the best modern estimate for the number of repression deaths during the Great Purge is 950,0001.2million, which includes executions, deaths in detention, or soon after their release. [661] His body was embalmed,[662] and then placed on display in Moscow's House of Unions for three days. [255] Residing at his Gorki dacha, Lenin's main connection to Sovnarkom was through Stalin, who was a regular visitor. [599] Within Western countries, Stalin was increasingly portrayed as the "most evil dictator alive" and compared to Hitler. 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