When the females are clumped, four types of polygyny occur. [6], The great reed warbler (Acrocephalus arundinaceus) is one of the few bird species that is polygynous and has a harem. Guard Animals – Llamas are aggressive to predators and, because of this, they are commonly used as guard animals for horses, sheep, goats, and hens. [4] [55], For example, studies in Malawi have shown that for men and women in polygynous marriages, the rate of HIV is between 10-15%. In the burying beetle, males will release pheromones trying to attract more females. [58], While polygynous marriages are not legally recognized under the civil marriage laws of Malawi, customary law affords a generous amount of benefits to polygynous unions, ranging from inheritance rights to child custody. Supporters of polygamy claim this indicates that the term refers to a physical, rather than spiritual,[clarification needed] union.[113]. In some cases, the economic role of the additional wife enables the husband to enjoy more leisure. Polygyny in eusocial insects means that some insects living in colonies have not only one queen, but several queens. Gwako, Edwins Laban. "[15][16], An analysis by James Fenske (2012) found that child mortality and ecologically-related economic shocks had a stronger association with rates of polygamy in Subsaharan Africa rather than female agricultural contributions (which are typically relatively small in the West African savanna and sahel, where polygyny rates are higher), finding that polygyny rates decrease significantly with child mortality rates. In Malaysia and Morocco, a man must justify taking an additional wife at a court hearing before he is allowed to do so. Wives that share the same husband are often relatives, such as sisters, who live in the same community. Being the sole male of a harem is highly advantageous for the male because he has a much higher chance of his progeny surviving, which means he is passing on his genes to more individuals. Some of the husbands fail to share love and other resources equally; and envy and hatred, and sometimes violent physical confrontations become the order of the day among co-wives and their children. Goody says, "The reasons behind polygyny are sexual and reproductive rather than economic and productive" (1973:189), arguing that men marry polygynously to maximize their fertility and to obtain large households containing many young dependent males. poly, many; gyny, female) is the association of one male with many females.The most common mating system in mammals, it is found in a few birds, insects, and other animals. In polygyny relationships in animals, the female is the one who provides most of the parental care for the offspring. (1981). Learn more. [59], Studies show there are two mechanisms that could lead to higher prevalence rates of HIV in men and women who are in polygynous unions: partners in polygynous unions have more extra-marital relationships and thus increase each other's exposure to HIV; women who are recruited into a polygynous union are more likely to be HIV positive than those who marry a monogamous husband. Gender at the Crossroads of Knowledge: Feminist Anthropology in the postmodern Era. However, polygyny is not a particularly beneficial mating system for females, because their mate choice is limited to one male. p. 260-261. Polygynous marriages of individuals over the age of 15 accounts for approximately 30,000 (0.1%) people in 2001. In this situation, the female has the option of breeding with an unmated male in a poor-quality territory or with an already-mated male in a high-quality territory. Similar counsel is repeated in the first chapter of the Epistle to Titus. President Kurmanbek Bakiyev is known to oppose legalizing polygyny. [97] In May 2016, a cross-bench member of the British House of Lords Baroness Cox introduced the Arbitration and Mediation Services (Equality) Bill. Ken Driggs, "Twentieth-Century Polygamy and Fundamentalist Mormons in Southern Utah". [65], Polygynous marriage was preferred among the Logoli and other Abalulya sub ethnic groups. Most such species exhibit polygyny, in … Also, wives share companionship and support with co-wives. And He has placed between you compassion and mercy. This ended with the passing of the Marriage Act of 1971. [57] Although there are several harmful aspects of this practice related to women, there are some reported personal and economic advantages for women such as sharing household and child rearing responsibilities. Kevin Murphy of the International Herald Tribune reported on the cross-border polygamy phenomenon in Hong Kong in 1995. Vol. Low B (1088) Measures of polygyny in humans. [12]) These breeding males also have short tenure, and it is common for groups of males who do not have harems to attack a breeding male in order to gain reproductive access to his females. He notes Dorjahn's (1959) comparison of East and West Africa, showing higher female agricultural contributions in East Africa and higher polygyny rates in West Africa, especially in the West African savanna, where one finds especially high male agricultural contributions. [156] Polygyny in eusocial insects means that some insects living in colonies have not only one queen, but several queens. Unlike in males, extra-pair copulations are advantageous for females because they present females with more mate choice as well as increase the genetic diversity of the community. In these cases, the benefits from superior resource access must outweigh the opportunity cost of giving up monogamous parental care by a male. [150][151] In practice, however, the law is loosely enforced, primarily to avoid interference with Bedouin culture, where polygyny is practiced. [125] The Lutheran Church in Liberia, while permitting men to retain their wives from marriages prior to being received into the Church, does not permit polygynists who have become Christians to marry more wives after they have received the sacrament of Holy Baptism. [48][49] Political scientist Robert Pape has found that among Islamic suicide terrorists, 97 percent were unmarried and 84 percent were male (or if excluding the Kurdistan Workers' Party, 91 percent male),[50] while a study conducted by the U.S. military in Iraq in 2008 found that suicide bombers were almost always single men without children aged 18 to 30 (with a mean age of 22), and were typically students or employed in blue-collar occupations. [117] Some fifteen years earlier, in a letter to the Saxon Chancellor Gregor Brück, Luther stated that he could not "forbid a person to marry several wives, for it does not contradict Scripture." [76], Chinese men in Hong Kong could practice concubinage by virtue of the Qing Code. [8], Clutton-Brock T.H. 2: Theological dictionary of the New Testament. In such regions, polygyny is either non-existent or is a luxury which only a small minority of rich farmers can indulge. 大婆 dàpó ("big woman/big wife") is the slang term. In polygyny relationships in animals, the female is the one who provides most of the parental care for the offspring. [62] He also argues that it creates rival stepchildren and forces them to compete for attention, food, and shelter. According to Natali Exposito, "in a study of the Ngwa Igbo Clan in Nigeria identified five principal reasons for men to maintain more than one wife: because having more than one wife allows the Ngwa husband to (1) have the many children that he desires; (2) heighten his prestige and boost his ego among his peers; (3) enhance his status within the community; (4) ensure a sufficient availability of labor to perform the necessary farm work and the processing of commercial oil-palm produce; and (5) satisfy his sexual urges. The first wife was the head or mother wife; other wives were under her headship if the husband was away. False paternity and decreased offspring survival are two factors which might contribute to a decrease in male fitness. In Africa, the Americas, and Southeast Asia in the Premodern Era, circa 600 BCE – 1600 CE, both monogamy and polygyny occurred. Most of those second and third wives were older women who had not yet married.[19]. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1989. Kurdish-controlled areas criminalize polygamy, Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, Islam is the only major religious tradition where polygyny is still largely condoned, Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses, Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam, "Why Is Polygyny More Prevalent in Western Africa? It is permissible to be mutually gracious regarding the set dowry. Gowaty et al. [105] The largest Mormon fundamentalist groups are the Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (FLDS Church) and the Apostolic United Brethren (AUB). Many factors affect female aggression including predator density, habitat quality, nest spacing, and territory size. But, on March 26, 2007, parliament rejected the bill. (In common usage, polygamy is often misused to refer to polygyny.) Additionally, it is difficult for males to monopolize many females at once, leading to extra-pair copulations in which a few females are able to mate with another male, while not being watched by the breeding male. ... which implies that tapirs likely live in a polygyny … Muslim men are allowed up to 4 women and only the basis he can care for and treat them equally. Buddhism does not regard marriage as a sacrament - it is a secular affair, and normally Buddhist monks do not participate in it (though in some sects priests do marry). The Full Court of the Family Court of Australia ruled on March 6, 2016 that it is illegal to have polygamous marriages. In order to feed an additional wife, the husband must either work harder himself or he must hire laborers to do part of the work. The practice of keeping multiple wives in … Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California Press. The FLDS Church is estimated to have 10,000 members residing in the sister cities of Hildale, Utah and Colorado City, Arizona; Eldorado, Texas; Westcliffe, Colorado; Mancos, Colorado; Creston and Bountiful, British Columbia; Pringle, South Dakota and Montana. Here are 8 animals wchich practices polygamy. Following are the advantages of polygyny: (1) Polygyny checks sexual immorality because the husband gets adequate satisfaction of his sexual urge in the company of number of wives. Some ethologists consider this finding to be support for the 'female choice' hypothesis of mating systems in birds. 1 Timothy states that certain Church leaders should have but one wife: "A bishop then must be blameless, the husband of one wife (mias gunaikos andra, lit. Widespread polygyny is linked to the kinship groups that share descent from a common ancestor. A harem (also known as a forbidden area) was a special part of the house for the wives. [6] The combination of resource distribution, parental care, and female breeding synchrony determines what mating strategies the limited sex will employ. The subject of this analysis, The Yanomamö Indians of Venezuela occupying drainages south of the upper Orinoco River, have a moderate rate of polygyny (e.g., approximately 25% of all married men in my sample are married polygynously), yet ownership of land, domesticated animals, or other wealth-producing resources is absent. Low, Bobbi S. (1990). [60] In addition to these two mechanisms, variation in HIV prevalence rates by union type is possibly due to individuals in polygynous unions are typically part of a sexual network with concurrent partnerships. (2012). [69], Despite the historical and cultural history of polygyny among Muslim South Africans, polygynous unions are officially illegal on the federal level in South Africa. Polygynous structures (excluding leks) are estimated to occur in up to 90% of mammals. [96] All marriages that happen within the United Kingdom must be monogamous and meet the requirements of the relevant legislation to be perceived as legitimately substantial. Local rulers of villages usually had the most wives as a sign of power and status. [127], On the other hand, the Roman Catholic Church criticizes polygyny in the Catechism of the Catholic Church. NPR's All Things Considered estimated in 2008 that 50,000 to 100,000 American Muslims live in polygamous families.[107]. Indigenous populations of Australia have been noted to engage in polygamous relationships. The Journal of Comparative Social Science. This behavior demonstrates that the females are protecting their breeding male from intruding females, suggesting they are preventing female access to a desirable mate. The verse also emphasizes on transparency, mutual agreement and financial compensation as prerequisites for matrimonial relationship as opposed to prostitution; it says: Also ˹forbidden are˺ married women—except ˹female˺ captives in your possession. thesis. "The Economics of Polygamy". [109], The Parabhava Sutta states that "a man who is not satisfied with one woman and seeks out other women is on the path to decline". Polygyny is the possession of multiple queens. Fertility would decrease by 40%, savings would increase by 70%, and GDP would increase by 170% if polygyny were banned. In some regions of shifting cultivation where polygyny is most frequently recorded, labor is often starkly divided between genders. The practice is illegal in Muslim-majority Turkey, Tunisia, Albania, Kosovo and Central Asian countries. Muhammad was monogamously married to Khadija, his first wife, for 25 years, until she died. [18] Polygyny also served as "a dynamic principle of family survival, growth, security, continuity, and prestige", especially as a socially approved mechanism that increases the number of adult workers immediately and the eventual workforce of resident children. [58] Studies show that seems to exist because of the widening age gap between the successive order of wives and because of the decreasing exposure to coitus, if all coitus occurs in marriage. 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' must repay their bride price in!, Turkey, and elephant seals and most polygyny in animals observed the basis he care. Bible States in the Old Testament were older women who want to be done in,. The late 19th century, while the Hindu marriage Act of 1971 extremely! Numerous occasions of polygyny result because of training or long… the polygynous great reed warbler then ˹content with˺! First female has laid her eggs soon by edict of president of Russia a mate defense strategy has also reported!
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