It is spoken by about 22 million people in southwest Nigeria, Benin, Togo, the UK, Brazil and the USA. Smaller communities can be found in Sierra Leone, Liberia and other African countries. Rowlands, Evan Colyn. Serial verb constructions are common, as in many other languages of West Africa. Ọgọ́rùn-ún, 100, (Ogún-márùn-ún) = 20 multiplied by 5 (àrún). That even Brazil in faraway South America recognises Yoruba language as one of its official languages. The Ifè (Togo) dialect of Yoruba is spoken by approximately 90,000 people in Atakpame and the speakers stretch from the Benin boundary up to Atakpame in Togo. Tonality effects and computer-coded documents, Adetugbọ 1973:192-3. Over the years the orthography was revised to represent tone among other things. https://www.correctng.com/the-most-spoken-languages-in-africa Yoruba (126,000 speakers) Language Code: yor Ethnologue Listing: Language Written: Yes ScriptSource Listing: Total Languages: 1 Yoruba is among the most spoken and official languages in West Africa. (See also the section, This widely followed classification is based on Adetugbọ's (1982) dialectological study; the classification originated in his 1967 Ph.D. thesis. Fayemi Fatunde Fakayode, Aare Agbefaga of Yorubaland, Oyètádé, B. Akíntúndé & Buba, Malami (2000) 'Hausa Loan Words in Yorùbá', in Wolff & Gensler (eds. It is the written form of the language, the standard variety learned at school and that spoken by newsreaders on the radio. Ọgọ́rin, 80, (Ogún-mẹ́rin) = 20 multiplied by 4 (ẹ̀rin). See more ideas about yoruba language, african spirituality, yoruba religion. Outside Nigeria, you can find large yoruba-speaking communities in Togo and Benin Republic. Yoruba is a tonal language with three-level tones and two or three contour tones. Sometimes, however, authors may choose to use an inverted comma to indicate an elided vowel as in ní ilé → n'ílé 'in the house'. Yoruba vocabulary is also used in the Afro-Brazilian religion known as Candomblé, in the Caribbean religion of Santería in the form of the liturgical Lucumí language and various Afro-American religions of North America. Status Even though the official language of Nigeria is English, Yorùbá together with … This "Oduduwa alphabet" system has also received approval and support from other prominent chiefs in the Yorubaland region.[15][16]. See Bamgboṣe 1965a for more details. Yoruba is the native language of the Yoruba people, an official language of Nigeria, and is widely spoken in Togo, Benin, and Sierra Leone. North-West Yoruba is historically a part of the Ọyọ Empire. 2. According to the language assessment criteria of the International Language Assessment Conference (1992), only when a wordlist analysis shows a lexical similarity of below 70% are two speech forms considered to be different languages. Two indigenous languages were designated politically as national languages in 1975: Ewé (Ewe: Èʋegbe) and Kabiyé. That the Yoruba language has also remained a major language in Nigeria, and it is being used in the Republic du Benin, Togo and even amongst infinitesimal populations of Yoruba people across the globe, may not prevent its extinction! Yoruba is classified among the Edekiri languages, which together with Itsekiri and the isolate Igala form the Yoruboid group of languages within the Volta–Niger branch of the Niger–Congo family. They include: 1. In some cases, the phonetic realization of these vowels is noticeably different from what the symbol suggests: H: ó bẹ́ [ó bɛ́] 'he jumped'; síbí [síbí] 'spoon', M: ó bẹ [ó bɛ̄] 'he is forward'; ara [āɾā] 'body'. (1969). The current orthography of Yoruba derives from a 1966 report of the Yoruba Orthography Committee, along with Ayọ Bamgboṣe's 1965 Yoruba Orthography, a study of the earlier orthographies and an attempt to bring Yoruba orthography in line with actual speech as much as possible. The bare verb stem denotes a completed action, often called perfect; tense and aspect are marked by preverbal particles such as ń 'imperfect/present continuous', ti 'past'. “the” official language is Portuguese “an” official language includes Yoruba, which is a recognition of its historical contribution to Brazil and its modern status as a minority language, especially in the State of Bahia. In NWY dialects, Proto-Yoruba velar fricative /ɣ/ and labialized voiced velar /gʷ/ have merged into /w/; the upper vowels /ɪ/ and /ʊ/ were raised and merged with /i/ and /u/, just as their nasal counterparts, resulting in a vowel system with seven oral and three nasal vowels. The pronunciation of the letters without diacritics corresponds more or less to their International Phonetic Alphabet equivalents, except for the labial–velar consonant [k͡p] (written ⟨p⟩) and [ɡ͡b] (written ⟨gb⟩), in which both consonants are pronounced simultaneously rather than sequentially. The Essentials of the Yoruba Language. Still largely similar to the older orthography, it employs the Latin alphabet modified by the use of the digraph ⟨gb⟩ and certain diacritics, including the underdots under the letters ⟨ẹ⟩, ⟨ọ⟩, and ⟨ṣ⟩. Yoruba is a tone language whose many varieties are spoken across West Africa with about 20 million native speakers. Brazil is not the only country that has Yoruba as their official language, excluding Nigeria. L: ó bẹ̀ [ó bɛ̀] 'he asks for pardon'; ọ̀kọ̀ [ɔ̀kɔ̀] 'spear'. Because the use of Standard Yoruba did not result from some deliberate linguistic policy, much controversy exists as to what constitutes 'genuine Yoruba', with some writers holding the opinion that the Ọyọ dialect is the most "pure" form, and others stating that there is no such thing as genuine Yoruba at all. The associative construction (covering possessive/genitive and related notions) consists of juxtaposing nouns in the order modified-modifier as in inú àpótí {inside box} 'the inside of the box', fìlà Àkàndé 'Akande's cap' or àpótí aṣọ 'box for clothes'. ⟨ẹ⟩ and ⟨ọ⟩. Friday remains Eti in the Yoruba language. There are no diphthongs in Yoruba; sequences of vowels are pronounced as separate syllables. Brazil is not the only country that has Yoruba as their official language, excluding Nigeria. It is spoken by the ethnic Yoruba people. [4][5][6][7], As the principal Yoruboid language, Yoruba is most closely related to the languages Itsekiri (spoken in the Niger Delta) and Igala (spoken in central Nigeria).[1]. [29][better source needed] Ultimately, the standard words for the days of the week are Àìkú, Ajé, Ìṣẹ́gun, Ọjọ́rú, Ọjọ́bọ, Ẹtì, Àbámẹ́ta, for Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday respectively. Yoruba is the native tongue of the Yoruba people, it is spoken in Nigeria, Benin, Togo and among communities in Brazil, Sierra Leone and Cuba. Smaller Yoruba-speaking communities are located in Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ghana and … The three possible syllable structures of Yoruba are consonant+vowel (CV), vowel alone (V), and syllabic nasal (N). The number of speakers of Yoruba was thought to be 20 million in the 1990s. for example the following remark by Adetugbọ (1967, as cited in Fagborun 1994:25): "While the orthography agreed upon by the missionaries represented to a very large degree the phonemes of the Abẹokuta dialect, the morpho-syntax reflected the Ọyọ-Ibadan dialects". https://jasonlovesphotography.com/most-spoken-languages-in-africa (1970). When more than one tone is used in one syllable, the vowel can either be written once for each tone (for example, *⟨òó⟩ for a vowel [o] with tone rising from low to high) or, more rarely in current usage, combined into a single accent. Written Yoruba includes diacritical marks not available on conventional computer keyboards, requiring some adaptations. Yoruba language has a distinction between human and non-human nouns e.g. lingua: Yoruba-Online-Dictionary English-Yoruba / Yoruba-English, Journal of West African Languages: Yoruba, Yoruba blog (features bilingual texts in Yoruba and English, including folklore), Yorùbá Yé Mi - A Beginning Yorùbá Textbook, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yoruba_language&oldid=1019837415, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles needing additional references from October 2020, All articles needing additional references, Articles needing cleanup from October 2020, Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from October 2020, Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from October 2020, Articles needing expert attention with no reason or talk parameter, Articles needing expert attention from October 2020, Miscellaneous articles needing expert attention, Articles with multiple maintenance issues, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2020, Articles lacking reliable references from June 2020, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Ebu, Anyugba, Ife, Idah, Ibaji, Ankpa, Imane, Most divergent Yoruboid language (earliest split) & Easternmost Yoruboid language, A cluster of closely related dialects in Western, By far the largest of the Yoruboid languages, and the, An isolated Yoruba dialect on the Western flanks of the Niger. Yoruba is a language of significant interest to linguists. Outside Nigeria, you can find large yoruba-speaking communities in Togo and Benin Republic. Yoruba is … Aside from sharing the same language, they also have traditions that are unique to them. In his Arabic-English Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Quran and Sunnah, Yoruba Muslim scholar Abu-Abdullah Adelabu argued Islam has enriched African languages by providing them with technical and cultural augmentations with Swahili and Somali in East Africa and Turanci Hausa and Wolof in West Africa the most beneficiaries. tani for human nouns … Teach Yourself Yoruba. Probably a remainder of the noun class system of Proto-Niger–Congo, the distinction is only apparent in the fact that the two groups require different interrogative particles: ta ni for human nouns ('who?') The linguistic unity of the Niger–Congo family dates to deep prehistory, estimates ranging around 15,000 years ago (the end of the Upper Paleolithic). The number of speakers of Yoruba was estimated at around 20 million in the 1990s. The wide adoption of imported religions and civilizations such as Islam and Christianity has had an impact both on written and spoken Yoruba. [8] In present-day Nigeria, it is estimated that there are over 40 million Yoruba primary and secondary language speakers as well as several other millions of speakers outside Nigeria, making it the most widely spoken African language outside of the continent. The former indicates location and absence of movement, and the latter encodes location/direction with movement. In present-day Nigeria, it is estimated that there are over 40 million Yoruba primary and secondary language speakers as well as several other millions of speakers outside Nigeria, … [1] The official language is French. These language families spread across different countries with some as the primary and others as secondary dialects. In the 17th century, Yoruba was written in the Ajami script, a form of Arabic script. Yoruba is one of the most widely spoken Nigerian languages, heard in Togo, North America, UK and Europe. When a word precedes another word beginning with a vowel, assimilation, or deletion ('elision') of one of the vowels often takes place. [citation needed], The result of the wordlist analysis shows that Itsekiri bears the strongest similarity to the South-East Yoruba dialects and most especially Ilaje and Ikale, at 80.4% and 82.3% similarity. Therefore, their omission can have a significant impact on online research. These are used in addition to the underdots in ⟨ẹ⟩ and ⟨ọ⟩. The linguistic unity of the Niger–Congo family dates to deep prehistory, estimates ranging around 11000 years ago (the end of the Upper Paleolithic). Yoruba uses a vigesimal (base-20) numbering system. Cf. French, which was inherited from the period of French mandate rule over the area, was made the official language at independence. There is also a syllabic nasal, which forms a syllable nucleus by itself. Languages in the continent are divided into six blocs or families. French is the main written language, as most indigenous languages are not commonly used in writing. An overlap of 70% and above indicates that both speech forms are the same language, although dialect intelligibility tests would need to be carried out to determine how well speakers of one dialect can understand the other speech form. The official language is French. Adelabu, a Ph D graduate from Damascus cited—among many other common usages—the following words to be Yoruba's derivatives of Arabic vocabularies:[28][better source needed]. Until 1884 what is now Togo was an intermediate zone between the states of Asante and Dahomey, and its various ethnic groups lived in general isolation from each other.In 1884 it became part of the Togoland German protectorate, which was occupied by British and French forces in 1914. Yoruba is one of the most widely spoken Nigerian languages, heard in Togo, North America, UK and Europe. Every syllable bears one of the three tones: high ⟨◌́⟩, mid ⟨◌̄⟩ (generally left unmarked), and low ⟨◌̀⟩. In early grammar primers and translations of portions of the English Bible, Crowther used the Latin alphabet largely without tone markings. Outside Nigeria, you can find large yoruba-speaking communities in Togo and Benin Republic. [26] More than two nouns can be juxtaposed: rélùweè abẹ́ ilẹ̀ (railway underground) 'underground railway', inú àpótí aṣọ 'the inside of the clothes box'. The Latin letters ⟨c⟩, ⟨q⟩, ⟨v⟩, ⟨x⟩, ⟨z⟩ are not used. The emergence of a plural of respect may have prevented the coalescence of the two in NWY dialects. In other cases, its place of articulation is homorganic with the following consonant: ó ń lọ [ó ń lɔ̄] 'he is going', ó ń fò [ó ḿ fò] 'he is jumping'. The Yoruba dialect continuum itself consists of several dialects. The Yoruba language is a Niger-Congo language spoken in West Africa. Austronesian languages: This language group comprise of European … Yoruba is the native language of the Yoruba people, is an official language of Nigeria, and is widely spoken in Togo, Benin, and Sierra Leone. [11] In contrast to NWY, lineage and descent are largely multilineal and cognatic, and the division of titles into war and civil is unknown. came' or 'they came' in SEY dialects, whereas NWY for example has ẹ wá 'you (pl.) Yoruba is classified among the Edekiri languages, which together with Itsekiri and the isolate Igala form the Yoruboid group of languages within the Volta–Niger branch of the Niger–Congo family. Yoruba Translation - Free online translation service instantly Yorùbá. These Yoruba speakers are found in Togo and Benin Republic. In 1922 the League of Nations assigned eastern Togoland to France and … Smaller communities can be found in Sierra Leone, Liberia and other African countries. The Yoruba speakers live in Nigeria, Benin, and Togo. [27] Position and direction are expressed by the prepositions in combination with spatial relational nouns like orí 'top', apá 'side', inú 'inside', etí 'edge', abẹ́ 'under', ilẹ̀ 'down', etc. It is one of the languages in Nigeria, Benin, and Togo and in communities in other parts of Africa, Europe and the Americas. Ogunbowale, P. O. Togo is a multilingual country, which according to one count has 44 languages spoken. [13][14] Modern Yoruba orthography originated in the early work of Church Mission Society missionaries working among the Aku (Yoruba) of Freetown. Afro-Asiatic languages: They are distributed across the northern parts to the horn of Africa. In addition to the underdots, three further diacritics are used on vowels and syllabic nasal consonants to indicate the language's tones: an acute accent ⟨´⟩ for the high tone, a grave accent ⟨`⟩ for the low tone, and an optional macron ⟨¯⟩ for the middle tone. According to the CIA World Factbook, the officiallanguage of Togo is French.However, the African languages of Ewe, Mina, Kabye and Dagomba are also commonly spoken.They speak Tongan in Tonga. Standard Yoruba has its origin in the 1850s, when Samuel A. Crowther, the first native African Anglican bishop, published a Yoruba grammar and started his translation of the Bible. Yoruba is a highly isolating language. In 1875, the Church Missionary Society (CMS) organized a conference on Yoruba Orthography; the standard devised there was the basis for the orthography of the steady flow of religious and educational literature over the next seventy years. Yoruba also lacks a phoneme /n/; the letter ⟨n⟩ is used for the sound in the orthography, but strictly speaking, it refers to an allophone of /l/ immediately preceding a nasal vowel. This, combined with the fact that the latter areas generally have older settlements, suggests a later date for migration into Northwestern Yorubaland. Over the years, these three have spread to several places around the world. Every syllable must have at least one tone; a syllable containing a long vowel can have two tones. It is usually referred to as the unpleasant word for Friday, Ẹtì, which means failure, laziness, or abandonment. [3] As a pluricentric language, it is primarily spoken in a dialectal area spanning Nigeria, Benin and Togo, with smaller migrated communities in Cote d'Ivoire, Sierra Leone and The Gambia. and kí ni for non-human nouns ('what?'). SEY has collapsed the second and third person plural pronominal forms; thus, àn án wá can mean either 'you (pl.) A Niger-Congo language and a member of the Kwa family of languages (sometimes also assigned to the Benue-Congo family), spoken by c. 17 million people mainly in south-west Nigeria, where it has official status, with some further speakers in Benin and Togo. The decision to give Ewé and Kabiyé status as national languages was decided in 1975 by President Eyadéma. Ọgọ́ta, 60, (Ogún-mẹ́ta) = 20 multiplied by 3 (ẹ̀ta). The diacritic underneath vowels indicates an open vowel, pronounced with the root of the tongue retracted (so ⟨ẹ⟩ is pronounced [ɛ̙] and ⟨ọ⟩ is [ɔ̙]). Since 1983 it is an official language of the National Assembly of Benin. Its vowel system is the least innovative (most stable) of the three dialect groups, having retained nine oral-vowel contrasts and six or seven nasal vowels, and an extensive vowel harmony system. Yoruba is a Niger–Congo language spoken in West Africa. The culture of the people is also an aspect that one cannot miss to discuss. Template:Languages of Togo. "Yoruba...written in a version of the Arabic script known as Ajami (or Ajamiyya).". Linguistically, SEY has retained the /ɣ/ and /gw/ contrast, while it has lowered the nasal vowels /ĩ/ and /ʊ̃/ to /ɛ̃/ and /ɔ̃/, respectively. The only diacritic used was a dot below certain vowels to signify their open variants [ɛ] and [ɔ], viz. [10] Clear boundaries cannot be drawn, peripheral areas of dialectal regions often having some similarities to adjoining dialects. [18] Orthographically, nasal vowels are normally represented by an oral vowel symbol followed by ⟨n⟩ (⟨in⟩, ⟨un⟩, ⟨ẹn⟩, ⟨ọn⟩), except in case of the [n] allophone of /l/ (see below) preceding a nasal vowel: inú 'inside, belly' is actually pronounced [īnṹ].[19]. It is also a prominent language for communities in Brazil, Venezuela, Cuba, Trinidad, Tobago, Puerto Rico, and Haiti. The Yoruba alphabet was standardized along with other Benin languages in the National Languages Alphabet by the National Language Commission in 1975, and revised in 1990 and 2008 by the National Center for Applied Linguistics. The sentence n̄ ò lọ (I didn't go) provides examples of the three syllable types: Standard Yoruba has seven oral and five nasal vowels. In this case, a caron ⟨ˇ⟩ is used for the rising tone (so the previous example would be written ⟨ǒ⟩) and a circumflex ⟨ˆ⟩ for the falling tone. Yoruba is spoken, among other languages, in Nigeria, Benin, and Togo and traces of it are found among communities in Brazil, Sierra Leone (where it is called Oku), and Cuba (where it is called Nago). Apr 21, 2019 - Explore Marilyn's board "yoruba" on Pinterest. Smaller communities can be found in Sierra Leone, Liberia and other African countries. To set this template's initial visibility, the |state= parameter may be used: |state=collapsed: { {Languages of Togo|state=collapsed}} to show the template collapsed, i.e., hidden apart from its title bar. When it precedes a vowel, it is a velar nasal [ŋ]: n ò lọ [ŋ ò lɔ̄] 'I didn't go'. The Yoruba group is assumed to have developed out of undifferentiated Volta–Niger populations by the 1st millennium BC. It is spoken natively in Nigeria as well as the neighboring countries of the Republic of Benin, Togo, Sierra Leone and Ghana (Campbell 1991:1471). A similarity of 100% would mean a total overlap of two dialects, while similarity of 0 would mean two speech areas that have absolutely no relationship. Peculiar to Central and Eastern (NEY, SEY) Yoruba also, is the ability to begin words with the vowel [ʊ:] which in Western Yoruba has been changed to [ɪ:]. [22] In fact, since syllables in Yoruba normally end in a vowel, and most nouns start with one, it is a very common phenomenon, and it is absent only in very slow, unnatural speech. In the rare case that it results in two possible readings, disambiguation is left to the context. Dialects differ in the number of vowels they have; see above. Yoruba is considered to be one of the four official languages of Negation is expressed by a preverbal particle kò. The rhotic consonant is realized as a flap [ɾ] or, in some varieties (notably Lagos Yoruba), as the alveolar approximant [ɹ]. In Benin, Yoruba uses a different orthography. By far Ọjọ́ Jimoh is the most favorably used. The various Yoruba dialects in the Yorubaland of Nigeria can be classified into five major dialect areas: Northwest, Northeast, Central, Southwest and Southeast. ), This page was last edited on 25 April 2021, at 18:07. University of London Press: London. In Benin the language is called Nago and in Togo Ana. A total of 44million speakers use this language. Settlements of early Yoruba speakers are assumed to correspond to those found in the wider Niger area from about the 4th century BC, especially at Ife. It is also a prominent language for communities in Brazil, Venezuela, Cuba, Trinidad, Tobago, Puerto Rico, and Haiti. [citation needed]. The voiceless plosives /t/ and /k/ are slightly aspirated; in some Yoruba varieties, /t/ and /d/ are more dental. The North-West Yoruba dialects show more linguistic innovation than the Southeast and Central dialects. ⟨ṣ⟩ represents a postalveolar consonant [ʃ] like the English ⟨sh⟩, ⟨y⟩ represents a palatal approximant like English ⟨y⟩, and ⟨j⟩ a voiced palatal stop [ɟ], as is common in many African orthographies. In some regions there is diglossia between Standard Yoruba, considered as a high variety, and the low variety dialects. https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-languages-are-spoken-in-togo.html Yoruba Web-lingo offers professional language services into and from Yoruba, including translations, localisation, transcription, editing and proofreading. See also Ward 1952:123–133 ('Chapter XI: Abbreviations and Elisions'). Ogójì, 40, (Ogún-méjì) = 20 multiplied by 2 (èjì). South-East Yoruba was probably associated with the expansion of the Benin Empire after c. [12] It also has some features peculiar to itself, for example, the simplified vowel harmony system, as well as foreign structures, such as calques from English which originated in early translations of religious works. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Togo&oldid=1016335553, Articles with French-language sources (fr), Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 6 April 2021, at 16:47. 1450. came' and wọ́n wá 'they came', respectively. Central Yoruba forms a transitional area in that the lexicon has much in common with NWY, and it shares many ethnographical features with SEY. The native tongue of the Yoruba people is spoken, among other languages, in Nigeria, Benin, and Togo and in communities in other parts of Africa, Europe and the Americas. It is the official language of Nigeria. Èdè Yorùbá) is a language spoken in West Africa, most prominently Southwestern Nigeria. One of their informants was Crowther, who later would proceed to work on his native language himself. Brief History Yoruba is one of the four official languages of Nigeria and is a member of the Volta-Niger branch of the Niger-Congo family of languages. Long vowels within words usually signal that a consonant has been elided word-internally. It is also spoken in Benin, Siera Leon, Togo, United Kingdom, USA. Brazil is not the only country that has Yoruba as their official language, excluding Nigeria. Two indigenous languages were designated politically as national languages in 1975: Ewé (Ewe: Èʋegbe) and Kabiyé. A lecture by Abu-Abdullah Adelabu of AWQAF Africa, London titled: "The History Of Islam in 'The Black History'", Learn how and when to remove these template messages, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Yoruba Traditions and African American Religious Nationalism by Tracey E. Hucks (review)", "THE OYOTUNJI VILLAGE: A MINI YORUBA EMPIRE IN THE USA", "This chief hopes Yorùbá speakers adopt his newly invented 'talking alphabet, "Yoruba Monarchs Commends New Oduduwa Alphabets, Hail Aregbesola", "Hooked on Sol-Fa: the do-re-mi heuristic for Yorùbá speech tones". As another Yoruba scholar, Mr. Mudasir Alabi, however, notes, Ife Togo is as rich as any other dialect of the language. Although the sound occurs in speech, several authors have argued it to be not phonemically contrastive; often, it is in free variation with [ɔ̃]. Yoruba has an extensive body of literature. Yoruba first appeared in writing during the 19th century. A good place to start is here: Brazil Has Adopted Yoruba As An Official Language 1.4K views There are two 'prepositions': ní 'on, at, in' and sí 'onto, towards'. Home >> Languages >> Yoruba. Plural nouns are indicated by a plural word.[24]. Initial visibility: currently defaults to autocollapse. [9] According to the Kay Williamson Scale, the following is the degree of relationship between Itsekiri and other Yoruboid dialects, using a compiled word list of the most common words. English Universities Press: London. The orthography here follows speech in that word divisions are normally not indicated in words that are contracted as a result of assimilation or elision: ra ẹja → rẹja 'buy fish'. Examples: When teaching Yoruba literacy, solfège names of musical notes are used to name the tones: low is do, mid is re, and high is mi.[20]. Yoruba /ˈjɒrʊbə/[2] (Yor. Brazil is not the only country that has Yoruba as their official language, excluding Nigeria. Previously, the vertical line had been used to avoid the mark being fully covered by an underline, as in ⟨e̩⟩, ⟨o̩⟩, ⟨s̩⟩; however, that usage is no longer part of the standard orthography. Among commonly Arabic words used in Yoruba are names of the days such as Atalata (الثلاثاء) for Tuesday, Alaruba (الأربعاء) for Wednesday, Alamisi (الخميس) for Thursday, and Jimoh (الجمعة, Jumu'ah) for Friday. Like many other languages of the region, Yoruba has the voiceless and voiced labial–velar stops /k͡p/ and /ɡ͡b/: pápá [k͡pák͡pá] 'field', gbogbo [ɡ͡bōɡ͡bō] 'all'. Yoruba has about twenty dialects plus a standard form that is close to the Ọyọ dialect. Many of the spatial relational terms are historically related to body-part terms. In such cases, the tone of the elided vowel is retained: àdìrò → ààrò 'hearth'; koríko → koóko 'grass'; òtító → òótó 'truth'. Togo, country of western Africa. The two national languages tend to be used regionally with Ewé used in the south from Lomé to Blitta, and Kabiyé from Blitta to Dapaong in the north. This is the largest block containing some of the most spoken dialects across the continent namely, Arabic, Berber, Somali, Hausa, Tamazight, and Oromo. Outside Nigeria, you can find large yoruba-speaking communities in Togo and Benin Republic. In 2011, a Beninese priest-chief by the name of Tolúlàṣẹ Ògúntósìn devised his own system based on a vision received in his sleep believed to have been granted from Oduduwa. Tones are marked by use of the acute accent for high tone (⟨á⟩, ⟨ń⟩) and the grave accent for low tone (⟨à⟩, ⟨ǹ⟩); mid is unmarked, except on syllabic nasals where it is indicated using a macron (⟨a⟩, ⟨n̄⟩). Although Yoruba has no grammatical gender,[25] it has a distinction between human and non-human nouns. Notably, it lacks the common voiceless bilabial stop /p/ so /k͡p/ is written as ⟨p⟩. Literary Yoruba, also known as Standard Yoruba, Yoruba koiné, and common Yoruba, is a separate member of the dialect cluster. [ ɔ̀kɔ̀ ] 'spear ' Cuba, Trinidad, Tobago, Puerto Rico, and Haiti documents... Stop /p/ so /k͡p/ is written as ⟨p⟩ million native speakers Islam and has! 2 ( èjì ). ``, Igbo and Hausa togo official languages yoruba group is assumed have... Nouns are indicated by a plural word. [ 24 ], Cuba, Trinidad,,... Ogójì, 40, ( Ogún-mẹ́rin ) = 20 multiplied by 2 ( èjì ). `` many Yoruba simply. In writing during the 19th century as national languages in 1975 by President.! And that spoken by about 22 million people in southwest Nigeria, Benin, Siera Leon,,... Vigesimal ( base-20 ) numbering system /k/ are slightly aspirated ; in some Yoruba varieties, /t/ and /d/ more. Diglossia between Standard Yoruba incorporates several features from other dialects regions often having some similarities to adjoining.. Among other things not commonly used in addition to the underdots in ⟨ẹ⟩ and ⟨ọ⟩ peripheral areas of regions. 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Can have a significant impact on online research about 22 million people in southwest Nigeria, you find. Ọyọ Empire ɛ ] and [ ɔ ], viz ( ẹ̀ta.... And other African countries variants [ ɛ ] and [ ɔ ], viz results. ( Ogún-mẹ́ta ) = 20 multiplied by 4 ( ẹ̀rin ). ``, Togo, Standard. ⟨Z⟩ are not commonly used in addition to the context first appeared in writing during the century. Every syllable bears one of the people is also a prominent language for in. Are no diphthongs in Yoruba ; sequences of vowels are pronounced as separate syllables give... Are two 'prepositions ': ní 'on, at, in ' and 'onto!: Èʋegbe ) and Kabiyé between human and non-human nouns ( 'what? ' ). `` for pardon ;... Empire after c. 1450 largely without tone markings as one of the widely! Two 'prepositions ': ní 'on, at, in ' and wọ́n wá 'they came ' 'they! The English Bible, Crowther used the Latin letters ⟨c⟩, ⟨q⟩, ⟨v⟩, togo official languages yoruba, ⟨z⟩ are represented... Over the area, was made the official language at independence nouns …:! ( àrún ). `` since 1983 it is spoken by about 22 million people in southwest Nigeria Benin! ; a syllable containing a long vowel can have a significant impact on online research wá 'they came ' 'they! Results in two possible readings, disambiguation is left to the context that by... Heard in Togo, North America, UK and Europe human nouns https... Movement, and low ⟨◌̀⟩ drawn, peripheral areas of dialectal regions having! French, which means failure, laziness, or abandonment 'onto, towards ' America, and... Tone ; a syllable containing a long vowel can have two tones written Yoruba includes diacritical togo official languages yoruba... To them, as in ó nà Adé 'he beat Adé ' with three-level tones and or... From the period togo official languages yoruba french mandate rule over the years the orthography was revised represent. 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Innovation than the Southeast and Central dialects certain vowels to signify their open variants [ ɛ ] and [ ]. Possible readings, disambiguation is left to the underdots in ⟨ẹ⟩ and ⟨ọ⟩ to work on his language... In the 17th century, Yoruba was thought to be 20 million the... Are divided into six blocs or families one of the Ọyọ and Ibadan dialects, Yoruba..., Crowther used the Latin letters ⟨c⟩, ⟨q⟩, ⟨v⟩, ⟨x⟩, ⟨z⟩ are not,... With three-level tones and two or three contour tones speakers is estimated between! Adé 'he beat Adé ' a separate member of the most favorably used 25 April 2021,,... Language services into and from Yoruba, also known as Standard Yoruba, Yoruba koiné, and latter... No grammatical gender, [ 25 ] it has a distinction between human non-human! By about 22 million people in southwest Nigeria, you can find large communities! President Eyadéma slightly aspirated ; in some regions there is also a prominent language for in. Ẹ wá 'you ( pl. and in Togo, United Kingdom, USA have... They are distributed across the northern parts to the underdots in ⟨ẹ⟩ and ⟨ọ⟩ nouns e.g has about twenty plus... Had an impact both on written and spoken Yoruba Latin letters ⟨c⟩ ⟨q⟩!, Standard Yoruba incorporates several features from other dialects his native language.... Version of the language, the UK, Brazil and the latter encodes location/direction with movement UK and....
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